Visual Studio CLR .NET Framework
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Visual Studio .NET (Ranier) 1.0.3705 1.0
Visual Studio 2003 (Everett) 1.1.4322 1.1
Visual Studio 2005 (Whidbey) 2.0.50727 2.0
Visual Studio 2005 with .NET 3.0 Extensions 2.0.50727 2.0, 3.0
Visual Studio 2008 (Orcas) 2.0.50727 2.0 SP1, 3.0 SP1, 3.5
Visual Studio 2008 SP1 2.0.50727 2.0 SP2, 3.0 SP2, 3.5 SP1
Visual Studio 2010 (Hawaii) 4.0.30319 4.0
Expanding on this a bit, and including some of the information from dok1's answer, the actual version numbers for the different shipped builds of the .NET Framework are available on Aaron Stebner's blog, which covers everything from 1.0 through 3.5 SP1.
The actual Visual Studio version numbers are:
Product Name Version Ship Date
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Visual Studio .NET 7.0.?? 02/2002
Visual Studio .NET 2002 Service Pack 1 7.0.??
Visual Studio 2003 7.1.?? 04/2003
Visual Studio 2003 Service Pack 1 7.1.6030 09/13/2006
Visual Studio 2005 8.0.5072.42
Visual Studio 2005 Service Pack 1 12/14/2006
Visual Studio 2008 9.0.21022.8 11/19/2007
Visual Studio 2008 SP1 9.0.30729.1
Visual Studio 2010 10.0.30319.1 04/12/2010
Visual Studio 2010 SP1 10.0.40219.1 03/03/2011
Please help fill in the missing pieces. This is all I could easily find online.
Thanks to @DannySmurf for the information on the full version numbers for the CLR.