What are the technical reasons for why one shouldn't use mysql_* functions? (e.g. mysql_query(), mysql_connect() or mysql_real_escape_string())?
Why should I use something else even if they work on my site?
If they don't work on my site, why do I get errors like
Warning: mysql_connect(): No such file or directory
The MySQL extension:
Since it is deprecated, using it makes your code less future proof.
Lack of support for prepared statements is particularly important as they provide a clearer, less error-prone method of escaping and quoting external data than manually escaping it with a separate function call.
PHP offers three different APIs to connect to MySQL. These are the mysql(removed as of PHP 7), mysqli, and PDO extensions.
The mysql_* functions used to be very popular, but their use is not encouraged anymore. The documentation team is discussing the database security situation, and educating users to move away from the commonly used ext/mysql extension is part of this (check php.internals: deprecating ext/mysql).
And the later PHP developer team has taken the decision to generate E_DEPRECATED errors when users connect to MySQL, whether through mysql_connect(), mysql_pconnect() or the implicit connection functionality built into ext/mysql.
ext/mysql was officially deprecated as of PHP 5.5 and has been removed as of PHP 7.
See the Red Box?
When you go on any mysql_* function manual page, you see a red box, explaining it should not be used anymore.
Moving away from ext/mysql is not only about security, but also about having access to all the features of the MySQL database.
ext/mysql was built for MySQL 3.23 and only got very few additions since then while mostly keeping compatibility with this old version which makes the code a bit harder to maintain. Missing features that is not supported by ext/mysql include: (from PHP manual).
Reason to not use mysql_* function:
Above point quoted from Quentin's answer
Lack of support for prepared statements is particularly important as they provide a clearer, less error prone method of escaping and quoting external data than manually escaping it with a separate function call.
See the comparison of SQL extensions.
Suppressing deprecation warnings
While code is being converted to MySQLi/PDO, E_DEPRECATED errors can be suppressed by setting error_reporting in php.ini to exclude E_DEPRECATED:
error_reporting = E_ALL ^ E_DEPRECATED
Note that this will also hide other deprecation warnings, which, however, may be for things other than MySQL. (from PHP manual)
The article PDO vs. MySQLi: Which Should You Use? by Dejan Marjanovic will help you to choose.
And a better way is PDO, and I am now writing a simple PDO tutorial.
A. “PDO – PHP Data Objects – is a database access layer providing a uniform method of access to multiple databases.”
With mysql_* function or we can say it the old way (deprecated in PHP 5.5 and above)
$link = mysql_connect('localhost', 'user', 'pass');
mysql_select_db('testdb', $link);
mysql_set_charset('UTF-8', $link);
With PDO: All you need to do is create a new PDO object. The constructor accepts parameters for specifying the database source PDO's constructor mostly takes four parameters which are DSN (data source name) and optionally username, password.
Here I think you are familiar with all except DSN; this is new in PDO. A DSN is basically a string of options that tell PDO which driver to use, and connection details. For further reference, check PDO MySQL DSN.
$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb;charset=utf8', 'username', 'password');
Note: you can also use charset=UTF-8, but sometimes it causes an error, so it's better to use utf8.
If there is any connection error, it will throw a PDOException object that can be caught to handle Exception further.
Good read: Connections and Connection management ¶
You can also pass in several driver options as an array to the fourth parameter. I recommend passing the parameter which puts PDO into exception mode. Because some PDO drivers don't support native prepared statements, so PDO performs emulation of the prepare. It also lets you manually enable this emulation. To use the native server-side prepared statements, you should explicitly set it false.
The other is to turn off prepare emulation which is enabled in the MySQL driver by default, but prepare emulation should be turned off to use PDO safely.
I will later explain why prepare emulation should be turned off. To find reason please check this post.
It is only usable if you are using an old version of MySQL which I do not recommended.
Below is an example of how you can do it:
$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb;charset=UTF-8',
'username',
'password',
array(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false,
PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION));
Can we set attributes after PDO construction?
Yes, we can also set some attributes after PDO construction with the setAttribute method:
$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb;charset=UTF-8',
'username',
'password');
$db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
$db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);
Error handling is much easier in PDO than mysql_*.
A common practice when using mysql_* is:
//Connected to MySQL
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM table", $link) or die(mysql_error($link));
OR die() is not a good way to handle the error since we can not handle the thing in die. It will just end the script abruptly and then echo the error to the screen which you usually do NOT want to show to your end users, and let bloody hackers discover your schema. Alternately, the return values of mysql_* functions can often be used in conjunction with mysql_error() to handle errors.
PDO offers a better solution: exceptions. Anything we do with PDO should be wrapped in a try-catch block. We can force PDO into one of three error modes by setting the error mode attribute. Three error handling modes are below.
PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT. It's just setting error codes and acts pretty much the same as mysql_* where you must check each result and then look at $db->errorInfo(); to get the error details.PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING Raise E_WARNING. (Run-time warnings (non-fatal errors). Execution of the script is not halted.)PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION: Throw exceptions. It represents an error raised by PDO. You should not throw a PDOException from your own code. See Exceptions for more information about exceptions in PHP. It acts very much like or die(mysql_error());, when it isn't caught. But unlike or die(), the PDOException can be caught and handled gracefully if you choose to do so.Good read:
Like:
$stmt->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT );
$stmt->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING );
$stmt->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );
And you can wrap it in try-catch, like below:
try {
//Connect as appropriate as above
$db->query('hi'); //Invalid query!
}
catch (PDOException $ex) {
echo "An Error occured!"; //User friendly message/message you want to show to user
some_logging_function($ex->getMessage());
}
You do not have to handle with try-catch right now. You can catch it at any time appropriate, but I strongly recommend you to use try-catch. Also it may make more sense to catch it at outside the function that calls the PDO stuff:
function data_fun($db) {
$stmt = $db->query("SELECT * FROM table");
return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
}
//Then later
try {
data_fun($db);
}
catch(PDOException $ex) {
//Here you can handle error and show message/perform action you want.
}
Also, you can handle by or die() or we can say like mysql_*, but it will be really varied. You can hide the dangerous error messages in production by turning display_errors off and just reading your error log.
Now, after reading all the things above, you are probably thinking: what the heck is that when I just want to start leaning simple SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements? Don't worry, here we go:
So what you are doing in mysql_* is:
<?php
$result = mysql_query('SELECT * from table') or die(mysql_error());
$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
echo $row['field1'];
}
Now in PDO, you can do this like:
<?php
$stmt = $db->query('SELECT * FROM table');
while($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) {
echo $row['field1'];
}
Or
<?php
$stmt = $db->query('SELECT * FROM table');
$results = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
//Use $results
Note: If you are using the method like below (query()), this method returns a PDOStatement object. So if you want to fetch the result, use it like above.
<?php
foreach($db->query('SELECT * FROM table') as $row) {
echo $row['field1'];
}
In PDO Data, it is obtained via the ->fetch(), a method of your statement handle. Before calling fetch, the best approach would be telling PDO how you’d like the data to be fetched. In the below section I am explaining this.
Note the use of PDO::FETCH_ASSOC in the fetch() and fetchAll() code above. This tells PDO to return the rows as an associative array with the field names as keys. There are many other fetch modes too which I will explain one by one.
First of all, I explain how to select fetch mode:
$stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)
In the above, I have been using fetch(). You can also use:
PDOStatement::fetchAll() - Returns an array containing all of the result set rowsPDOStatement::fetchColumn() - Returns a single column from the next row of a result setPDOStatement::fetchObject() - Fetches the next row and returns it as an object.PDOStatement::setFetchMode() - Set the default fetch mode for this statementNow I come to fetch mode:
PDO::FETCH_ASSOC: returns an array indexed by column name as returned in your result setPDO::FETCH_BOTH (default): returns an array indexed by both column name and 0-indexed column number as returned in your result setThere are even more choices! Read about them all in PDOStatement Fetch documentation..
Getting the row count:
Instead of using mysql_num_rows to get the number of returned rows, you can get a PDOStatement and do rowCount(), like:
<?php
$stmt = $db->query('SELECT * FROM table');
$row_count = $stmt->rowCount();
echo $row_count.' rows selected';
Getting the Last Inserted ID
<?php
$result = $db->exec("INSERT INTO table(firstname, lastname) VAULES('John', 'Doe')");
$insertId = $db->lastInsertId();
What we are doing in mysql_* function is:
<?php
$results = mysql_query("UPDATE table SET field='value'") or die(mysql_error());
echo mysql_affected_rows($result);
And in pdo, this same thing can be done by:
<?php
$affected_rows = $db->exec("UPDATE table SET field='value'");
echo $affected_rows;
In the above query PDO::exec execute an SQL statement and returns the number of affected rows.
Insert and delete will be covered later.
The above method is only useful when you are not using variable in query. But when you need to use a variable in a query, do not ever ever try like the above and there for prepared statement or parameterized statement is.
Q. What is a prepared statement and why do I need them?
A. A prepared statement is a pre-compiled SQL statement that can be executed multiple times by sending only the data to the server.
The typical workflow of using a prepared statement is as follows (quoted from Wikipedia three 3 point):
Prepare: The statement template is created by the application and sent to the database management system (DBMS). Certain values are left unspecified, called parameters, placeholders or bind variables (labelled ? below):
INSERT INTO PRODUCT (name, price) VALUES (?, ?)
The DBMS parses, compiles, and performs query optimization on the statement template, and stores the result without executing it.
1.00 for the second parameter.You can use a prepared statement by including placeholders in your SQL. There are basically three ones without placeholders (don't try this with variable its above one), one with unnamed placeholders, and one with named placeholders.
Q. So now, what are named placeholders and how do I use them?
A. Named placeholders. Use descriptive names preceded by a colon, instead of question marks. We don't care about position/order of value in name place holder:
$stmt->bindParam(':bla', $bla);
bindParam(parameter,variable,data_type,length,driver_options)
You can also bind using an execute array as well:
<?php
$stmt = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id AND name=:name");
$stmt->execute(array(':name' => $name, ':id' => $id));
$rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
Another nice feature for OOP friends is that named placeholders have the ability to insert objects directly into your database, assuming the properties match the named fields. For example:
class person {
public $name;
public $add;
function __construct($a,$b) {
$this->name = $a;
$this->add = $b;
}
}
$demo = new person('john','29 bla district');
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO table (name, add) value (:name, :add)");
$stmt->execute((array)$demo);
Q. So now, what are unnamed placeholders and how do I use them?
A. Let's have an example:
<?php
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO folks (name, add) values (?, ?)");
$stmt->bindValue(1, $name, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->bindValue(2, $add, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->execute();
and
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO folks (name, add) values (?, ?)");
$stmt->execute(array('john', '29 bla district'));
In the above, you can see those ? instead of a name like in a name place holder. Now in the first example, we assign variables to the various placeholders ($stmt->bindValue(1, $name, PDO::PARAM_STR);). Then, we assign values to those placeholders and execute the statement. In the second example, the first array element goes to the first ? and the second to the second ?.
NOTE: In unnamed placeholders we must take care of the proper order of the elements in the array that we are passing to the PDOStatement::execute() method.
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE prepared queriesSELECT:
$stmt = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id AND name=:name");
$stmt->execute(array(':name' => $name, ':id' => $id));
$rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
INSERT:
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO table(field1,field2) VALUES(:field1,:field2)");
$stmt->execute(array(':field1' => $field1, ':field2' => $field2));
$affected_rows = $stmt->rowCount();
DELETE:
$stmt = $db->prepare("DELETE FROM table WHERE id=:id");
$stmt->bindValue(':id', $id, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->execute();
$affected_rows = $stmt->rowCount();
UPDATE:
$stmt = $db->prepare("UPDATE table SET name=? WHERE id=?");
$stmt->execute(array($name, $id));
$affected_rows = $stmt->rowCount();
However PDO and/or MySQLi are not completely safe. Check the answer Are PDO prepared statements sufficient to prevent SQL injection? by ircmaxell. Also, I am quoting some part from his answer:
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);
$pdo->query('SET NAMES GBK');
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM test WHERE name = ? LIMIT 1");
$stmt->execute(array(chr(0xbf) . chr(0x27) . " OR 1=1 /*"));
First, let's begin with the standard comment we give everyone:
Please, don't use
mysql_*functions in new code. They are no longer maintained and are officially deprecated. See the red box? Learn about prepared statements instead, and use PDO or MySQLi - this article will help you decide which. If you choose PDO, here is a good tutorial.
Let's go through this, sentence by sentence, and explain:
They are no longer maintained, and are officially deprecated
This means that the PHP community is gradually dropping support for these very old functions. They are likely to not exist in a future (recent) version of PHP! Continued use of these functions may break your code in the (not so) far future.
NEW! - ext/mysql is now officially deprecated as of PHP 5.5!
Instead, you should learn of prepared statements
mysql_* extension does not support prepared statements, which is (among other things) a very effective countermeasure against SQL Injection. It fixed a very serious vulnerability in MySQL dependent applications which allows attackers to gain access to your script and perform any possible query on your database.
For more information, see How can I prevent SQL injection in PHP?
See the Red Box?
When you go to any mysql function manual page, you see a red box, explaining it should not be used anymore.
Use either PDO or MySQLi
There are better, more robust and well-built alternatives, PDO - PHP Database Object, which offers a complete OOP approach to database interaction, and MySQLi, which is a MySQL specific improvement.
The analytic and synthetic reasons were already mentioned. For newcomers there's a more significant incentive to stop using the dated mysql_ functions.
Contemporary database APIs are just easier to use.
It's mostly the bound parameters which can simplify code. And with excellent tutorials (as seen above) the transition to PDO isn't overly arduous.
Rewriting a larger code base at once however takes time. Raison d'être for this intermediate alternative:
Using <pdo_mysql.php> you can switch from the old mysql_ functions with minimal effort. It adds pdo_ function wrappers which replace their mysql_ counterparts.
Simply include_once("pdo_mysql.php"); in each invocation script that has to interact with the database.
Remove the mysql_pdo_.
mysql_connect() becomes pdo_connect()mysql_query() becomes pdo_query()mysql_num_rows() becomes pdo_num_rows()mysql_insert_id() becomes pdo_insert_id()mysql_fetch_array() becomes pdo_fetch_array()mysql_fetch_assoc() becomes pdo_fetch_assoc()mysql_real_escape_string() becomes pdo_real_escape_string()Your code will work alike and still mostly look the same:
include_once("pdo_mysql.php");
pdo_connect("localhost", "usrABC", "pw1234567");
pdo_select_db("test");
$result = pdo_query("SELECT title, html FROM pages");
while ($row = pdo_fetch_assoc($result)) {
print "$row[title] - $row[html]";
}
Et voilà.
Your code is using PDO.
Now it's time to actually utilize it.
You just need a less unwieldy API.
pdo_query() adds very facile support for bound parameters. Converting old code is straightforward:
Move your variables out of the SQL string.
pdo_query().? as placeholders where the variables were before.' single quotes that previously enclosed string values/variables.The advantage becomes more obvious for lengthier code.
Often string variables aren't just interpolated into SQL, but concatenated with escaping calls in between.
pdo_query("SELECT id, links, html, title, user, date FROM articles
WHERE title='" . pdo_real_escape_string($title) . "' OR id='".
pdo_real_escape_string($title) . "' AND user <> '" .
pdo_real_escape_string($root) . "' ORDER BY date")
With ? placeholders applied you don't have to bother with that:
pdo_query("SELECT id, links, html, title, user, date FROM articles
WHERE title=? OR id=? AND user<>? ORDER BY date", $title, $id, $root)
Remember that pdo_* still allows either or.
Just don't escape a variable and bind it in the same query.
:named placeholder lists later.More importantly you can pass $_REQUEST[] variables safely behind any query. When submitted <form> fields match the database structure exactly it's even shorter:
pdo_query("INSERT INTO pages VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)", $_POST);
So much simplicity. But let's get back to some more rewriting advises and technical reasons on why you may want to get rid of mysql_
sanitize() functionOnce you have converted all mysql_pdo_query with bound params, remove all redundant pdo_real_escape_string calls.
In particular you should fix any sanitize or clean or filterThis or clean_data functions as advertised by dated tutorials in one form or the other:
function sanitize($str) {
return trim(strip_tags(htmlentities(pdo_real_escape_string($str))));
}
Most glaring bug here is the lack of documentation. More significantly the order of filtering was in exactly the wrong order.
Correct order would have been: deprecatedly stripslashes as the innermost call, then trim, afterwards strip_tags, htmlentities for output context, and only lastly the _escape_string as its application should directly preceed the SQL intersparsing.
But as first step just get rid of the _real_escape_string call.
You may have to keep the rest of your sanitize() function for now if your database and application flow expect HTML-context-safe strings. Add a comment that it applies only HTML escaping henceforth.
String/value handling is delegated to PDO and its parameterized statements.
If there was any mention of stripslashes() in your sanitize function, it may indicate a higher level oversight.
That was commonly there to undo damage (double escaping) from the deprecated magic_quotes. Which however is best fixed centrally, not string by string.
Use one of the userland reversal approaches. Then remove the stripslashes() in the sanitize function.
Historic note on magic_quotes. That feature is rightly deprecated. It's often incorrectly portrayed as failed security feature however. But magic_quotes are as much a failed security feature as tennis balls have failed as nutrition source. That simply wasn't their purpose.
The original implementation in PHP2/FI introduced it explicitly with just "quotes will be automatically escaped making it easier to pass form data directly to msql queries". Notably it was accidentially safe to use with mSQL, as that supported ASCII only.
Then PHP3/Zend reintroduced magic_quotes for MySQL and misdocumented it. But originally it was just a convenience feature, not intend for security.
When you scramble string variables into the SQL queries, it doesn't just get more intricate for you to follow. It's also extraneous effort for MySQL to segregate code and data again.
SQL injections simply are when data bleeds into code context. A database server can't later spot where PHP originally glued variables inbetween query clauses.
With bound parameters you separate SQL code and SQL-context values in your PHP code. But it doesn't get shuffled up again behind the scenes (except with PDO::EMULATE_PREPARES). Your database receives the unvaried SQL commands and 1:1 variable values.
While this answer stresses that you should care about the readability advantages of dropping mysql_
Beware that parameter binding still isn't a magic one-stop solution against all SQL injections. It handles the most common use for data/values. But can't whitelist column name / table identifiers, help with dynamic clause construction, or just plain array value lists.
These pdo_* wrapper functions make a coding-friendly stop-gap API. (It's pretty much what MYSQLI could have been if it wasn't for the idiosyncratic function signature shift). They also expose the real PDO at most times.
Rewriting doesn't have to stop at using the new pdo_ function names. You could one by one transition each pdo_query() into a plain $pdo->prepare()->execute() call.
It's best to start at simplifying again however. For example the common result fetching:
$result = pdo_query("SELECT * FROM tbl");
while ($row = pdo_fetch_assoc($result)) {
Can be replaced with just an foreach iteration:
foreach ($result as $row) {
Or better yet a direct and complete array retrieval:
$result->fetchAll();
You'll get more helpful warnings in most cases than PDO or mysql_ usually provide after failed queries.
So this hopefully visualized some practical reasons and a worthwile pathway to drop mysql_
Just switching to pdo doesn't quite cut it. pdo_query() is also just a frontend onto it.
Unless you also introduce parameter binding or can utilize something else from the nicer API, it's a pointless switch. I hope it's portrayed simple enough to not further the discouragement to newcomers. (Education usually works better than prohibition.)
While it qualifies for the simplest-thing-that-could-possibly-work category, it's also still very experimental code. I just wrote it over the weekend. There's a plethora of alternatives however. Just google for PHP database abstraction and browse a little. There always have been and will be lots of excellent libraries for such tasks.
If you want to simplify your database interaction further, mappers like Paris/Idiorm are worth a try. Just like nobody uses the bland DOM in JavaScript anymore, you don't have to babysit a raw database interface nowadays.
Speaking of technical reasons, there are only a few, extremely specific and rarely used. Most likely you will never ever use them in your life.
Maybe I am too ignorant, but I never had an opportunity to use them things like
If you need them - these are no doubt technical reasons to move away from mysql extension toward something more stylish and modern-looking.
Nevertheless, there are also some non-technical issues, which can make your experience a bit harder
This latter issue is a problem.
But, in my opinion, the proposed solution is no better either.
It seems to me too idealistic a dream that all those PHP users will learn how to handle SQL queries properly at once. Most likely they would just change mysql_* to mysqli_* mechanically, leaving the approach the same. Especially because mysqli makes prepared statements usage incredible painful and troublesome.
Not to mention that native prepared statements aren't enough to protect from SQL injections, and neither mysqli nor PDO offers a solution.
So, instead of fighting this honest extension, I'd prefer to fight wrong practices and educate people in the right ways.
Also, there are some false or non-significant reasons, like
mysql_query("CALL my_proc"); for ages)The last one is an interesting point. Although mysql ext do not support native prepared statements, they aren't required for the safety. We can easily fake prepared statements using manually handled placeholders (just like PDO does):
function paraQuery()
{
$args = func_get_args();
$query = array_shift($args);
$query = str_replace("%s","'%s'",$query);
foreach ($args as $key => $val)
{
$args[$key] = mysql_real_escape_string($val);
}
$query = vsprintf($query, $args);
$result = mysql_query($query);
if (!$result)
{
throw new Exception(mysql_error()." [$query]");
}
return $result;
}
$query = "SELECT * FROM table where a=%s AND b LIKE %s LIMIT %d";
$result = paraQuery($query, $a, "%$b%", $limit);
voila, everything is parameterized and safe.
But okay, if you don't like the red box in the manual, a problem of choice arises: mysqli or PDO?
Well, the answer would be as follows:
If, like vast majority of PHP folks, you are using raw API calls right in the application code (which is essentially wrong practice) - PDO is the only choice, as this extension pretends to be not just API but rather a semi-DAL, still incomplete but offers many important features, with two of them makes PDO critically distinguished from mysqli:
So, if you are an average PHP user and want to save yourself a ton of headaches when using native prepared statements, PDO - again - is the only choice.
However, PDO is not a silver bullet too and has its hardships.
So, I wrote solutions for all the common pitfalls and complex cases in the PDO tag wiki
Nevertheless, everyone talking about extensions always missing the 2 important facts about Mysqli and PDO:
Prepared statement isn't a silver bullet. There are dynamical identifiers which cannot be bound using prepared statements. There are dynamical queries with an unknown number of parameters which makes query building a difficult task.
Neither mysqli_* nor PDO functions should have appeared in the application code.
There ought to be an abstraction layer between them and application code, which will do all the dirty job of binding, looping, error handling, etc. inside, making application code DRY and clean. Especially for the complex cases like dynamical query building.
So, just switching to PDO or mysqli is not enough. One has to use an ORM, or a query builder, or whatever database abstraction class instead of calling raw API functions in their code.
And contrary - if you have an abstraction layer between your application code and mysql API - it doesn't actually matter which engine is used. You can use mysql ext until it goes deprecated and then easily rewrite your abstraction class to another engine, having all the application code intact.
Here are some examples based on my safemysql class to show how such an abstraction class ought to be:
$city_ids = array(1,2,3);
$cities = $db->getCol("SELECT name FROM cities WHERE is IN(?a)", $city_ids);
Compare this one single line with amount of code you will need with PDO.
Then compare with crazy amount of code you will need with raw Mysqli prepared statements.
Note that error handling, profiling, query logging already built in and running.
$insert = array('name' => 'John', 'surname' => "O'Hara");
$db->query("INSERT INTO users SET ?u", $insert);
Compare it with usual PDO inserts, when every single field name being repeated six to ten times - in all these numerous named placeholders, bindings, and query definitions.
Another example:
$data = $db->getAll("SELECT * FROM goods ORDER BY ?n", $_GET['order']);
You can hardly find an example for PDO to handle such practical case.
And it will be too wordy and most likely unsafe.
So, once more - it is not just raw driver should be your concern but abstraction class, useful not only for silly examples from beginner's manual but to solve whatever real-life problems.
There are many reasons, but perhaps the most important one is that those functions encourage insecure programming practices because they do not support prepared statements. Prepared statements help prevent SQL injection attacks.
When using mysql_* functions, you have to remember to run user-supplied parameters through mysql_real_escape_string(). If you forget in just one place or if you happen to escape only part of the input, your database may be subject to attack.
Using prepared statements in PDO or mysqli will make it so that these sorts of programming errors are more difficult to make.
Because (amongst other reasons) it's much harder to ensure the input data is sanitized. If you use parametrized queries, as one does with PDO or mysqli you can entirely avoid the risk.
As an example, someone could use "enhzflep); drop table users" as a username. The old functions will allow executing multiple statements per query, so something like that nasty bugger can delete a whole table.
If one were to use PDO of mysqli, the user-name would end-up being "enhzflep); drop table users".
See bobby-tables.com.
This answer is written to show just how trivial it is to bypass poorly written PHP user-validation code, how (and using what) these attacks work and how to replace the old MySQL functions with a secure prepared statement - and basically, why StackOverflow users (probably with a lot of rep) are barking at new users asking questions to improve their code.
First off, please feel free to create this test mysql database (I have called mine prep):
mysql> create table users(
-> id int(2) primary key auto_increment,
-> userid tinytext,
-> pass tinytext);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into users values(null, 'Fluffeh', 'mypass');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> create user 'prepared'@'localhost' identified by 'example';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> grant all privileges on prep.* to 'prepared'@'localhost' with grant option;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
With that done, we can move to our PHP code.
Lets assume the following script is the verification process for an admin on a website (simplified but working if you copy and use it for testing):
<?php
if(!empty($_POST['user']))
{
$user=$_POST['user'];
}
else
{
$user='bob';
}
if(!empty($_POST['pass']))
{
$pass=$_POST['pass'];
}
else
{
$pass='bob';
}
$database='prep';
$link=mysql_connect('localhost', 'prepared', 'example');
mysql_select_db($database) or die( "Unable to select database");
$sql="select id, userid, pass from users where userid='$user' and pass='$pass'";
//echo $sql."<br><br>";
$result=mysql_query($sql);
$isAdmin=false;
while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
echo "My id is ".$row['id']." and my username is ".$row['userid']." and lastly, my password is ".$row['pass']."<br>";
$isAdmin=true;
// We have correctly matched the Username and Password
// Lets give this person full access
}
if($isAdmin)
{
echo "The check passed. We have a verified admin!<br>";
}
else
{
echo "You could not be verified. Please try again...<br>";
}
mysql_close($link);
?>
<form name="exploited" method='post'>
User: <input type='text' name='user'><br>
Pass: <input type='text' name='pass'><br>
<input type='submit'>
</form>
Seems legit enough at first glance.
The user has to enter a login and password, right?
Brilliant, not enter in the following:
user: bob
pass: somePass
and submit it.
The output is as follows:
You could not be verified. Please try again...
Super! Working as expected, now lets try the actual username and password:
user: Fluffeh
pass: mypass
Amazing! Hi-fives all round, the code correctly verified an admin. It's perfect!
Well, not really. Lets say the user is a clever little person. Lets say the person is me.
Enter in the following:
user: bob
pass: n' or 1=1 or 'm=m
And the output is:
The check passed. We have a verified admin!
Congrats, you just allowed me to enter your super-protected admins only section with me entering a false username and a false password. Seriously, if you don't believe me, create the database with the code I provided, and run this PHP code - which at glance REALLY does seem to verify the username and password rather nicely.
So, in answer, THAT IS WHY YOU ARE BEING YELLED AT.
So, lets have a look at what went wrong, and why I just got into your super-admin-only-bat-cave. I took a guess and assumed that you weren't being careful with your inputs and simply passed them to the database directly. I constructed the input in a way tht would CHANGE the query that you were actually running. So, what was it supposed to be, and what did it end up being?
select id, userid, pass from users where userid='$user' and pass='$pass'
That's the query, but when we replace the variables with the actual inputs that we used, we get the following:
select id, userid, pass from users where userid='bob' and pass='n' or 1=1 or 'm=m'
See how I constructed my "password" so that it would first close the single quote around the password, then introduce a completely new comparison? Then just for safety, I added another "string" so that the single quote would get closed as expected in the code we originally had.
However, this isn't about folks yelling at you now, this is about showing you how to make your code more secure.
Okay, so what went wrong, and how can we fix it?
This is a classic SQL injection attack. One of the simplest for that matter. On the scale of attack vectors, this is a toddler attacking a tank - and winning.
So, how do we protect your sacred admin section and make it nice and secure? The first thing to do will be to stop using those really old and deprecated mysql_* functions. I know, you followed a tutorial you found online and it works, but it's old, it's outdated and in the space of a few minutes, I have just broken past it without so much as breaking a sweat.
Now, you have the better options of using mysqli_ or PDO. I am personally a big fan of PDO, so I will be using PDO in the rest of this answer. There are pro's and con's, but personally I find that the pro's far outweigh the con's. It's portable across multiple database engines - whether you are using MySQL or Oracle or just about bloody anything - just by changing the connection string, it has all the fancy features we want to use and it is nice and clean. I like clean.
Now, lets have a look at that code again, this time written using a PDO object:
<?php
if(!empty($_POST['user']))
{
$user=$_POST['user'];
}
else
{
$user='bob';
}
if(!empty($_POST['pass']))
{
$pass=$_POST['pass'];
}
else
{
$pass='bob';
}
$isAdmin=false;
$database='prep';
$pdo=new PDO ('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=prep', 'prepared', 'example');
$sql="select id, userid, pass from users where userid=:user and pass=:password";
$myPDO = $pdo->prepare($sql, array(PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => PDO::CURSOR_FWDONLY));
if($myPDO->execute(array(':user' => $user, ':password' => $pass)))
{
while($row=$myPDO->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC))
{
echo "My id is ".$row['id']." and my username is ".$row['userid']." and lastly, my password is ".$row['pass']."<br>";
$isAdmin=true;
// We have correctly matched the Username and Password
// Lets give this person full access
}
}
if($isAdmin)
{
echo "The check passed. We have a verified admin!<br>";
}
else
{
echo "You could not be verified. Please try again...<br>";
}
?>
<form name="exploited" method='post'>
User: <input type='text' name='user'><br>
Pass: <input type='text' name='pass'><br>
<input type='submit'>
</form>
The major differences are that there are no more mysql_* functions. It's all done via a PDO object, secondly, it is using a prepared statement. Now, what's a prepred statement you ask? It's a way to tell the database ahead of running a query, what the query is that we are going to run. In this case, we tell the database: "Hi, I am going to run a select statement wanting id, userid and pass from the table users where the userid is a variable and the pass is also a variable.".
Then, in the execute statement, we pass the database an array with all the variables that it now expects.
The results are fantastic. Lets try those username and password combinations from before again:
user: bob
pass: somePass
User wasn't verified. Awesome.
How about:
user: Fluffeh
pass: mypass
Oh, I just got a little excited, it worked: The check passed. We have a verified admin!
Now, lets try the data that a clever chap would enter to try to get past our little verification system:
user: bob
pass: n' or 1=1 or 'm=m
This time, we get the following:
You could not be verified. Please try again...
This is why you are being yelled at when posting questions - it's because people can see that your code can be bypassed wihout even trying. Please, do use this question and answer to improve your code, to make it more secure and to use functions that are current.
Lastly, this isn't to say that this is PERFECT code. There are many more things that you could do to improve it, use hashed passwords for example, ensure that when you store sensetive information in the database, you don't store it in plain text, have multiple levels of verification - but really, if you just change your old injection prone code to this, you will be WELL along the way to writing good code - and the fact that you have gotten this far and are still reading gives me a sense of hope that you will not only implement this type of code when writing your websites and applications, but that you might go out and research those other things I just mentioned - and more. Write the best code you can, not the most basic code that barely functions.
The MySQL extension is the oldest of the three and was the original way that developers used to communicate with MySQL. This extension is now being deprecated in favor of the other two alternatives because of improvements made in newer releases of both PHP and MySQL.
MySQLi is the 'improved' extension for working with MySQL databases. It takes advantage of features that are available in newer versions of the MySQL server, exposes both a function-oriented and an object-oriented interface to the developer and a does few other nifty things.
PDO offers an API that consolidates most of the functionality that was previously spread across the major database access extensions, i.e. MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, MSSQL, etc. The interface exposes high-level objects for the programmer to work with database connections, queries and result sets, and low-level drivers perform communication and resource handling with the database server. A lot of discussion and work is going into PDO and it’s considered the appropriate method of working with databases in modern, professional code.
I find the above answers really lengthy, so to summarize:
The mysqli extension has a number of benefits, the key enhancements over the mysql extension being:
- Object-oriented interface
- Support for Prepared Statements
- Support for Multiple Statements
- Support for Transactions
- Enhanced debugging capabilities
- Embedded server support
Source: MySQLi overview
As explained in the above answers, the alternatives to mysql are mysqli and PDO (PHP Data Objects).
Both MySQLi and PDO were introduced in PHP 5.0, whereas MySQL was introduced prior to PHP 3.0. A point to note is that MySQL is included in PHP5.x though deprecated in later versions.
It's possible to define almost all mysql_* functions using mysqli or PDO. Just include them on top of your old PHP application, and it will work on PHP7. My solution here.
<?php
define('MYSQL_LINK', 'dbl');
$GLOBALS[MYSQL_LINK] = null;
function mysql_link($link=null) {
return ($link === null) ? $GLOBALS[MYSQL_LINK] : $link;
}
function mysql_connect($host, $user, $pass) {
$GLOBALS[MYSQL_LINK] = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $pass);
return $GLOBALS[MYSQL_LINK];
}
function mysql_pconnect($host, $user, $pass) {
return mysql_connect($host, $user, $pass);
}
function mysql_select_db($db, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_select_db($link, $db);
}
function mysql_close($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_close($link);
}
function mysql_error($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_error($link);
}
function mysql_errno($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_errno($link);
}
function mysql_ping($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_ping($link);
}
function mysql_stat($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_stat($link);
}
function mysql_affected_rows($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_affected_rows($link);
}
function mysql_client_encoding($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_character_set_name($link);
}
function mysql_thread_id($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_thread_id($link);
}
function mysql_escape_string($string) {
return mysql_real_escape_string($string);
}
function mysql_real_escape_string($string, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $string);
}
function mysql_query($sql, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_query($link, $sql);
}
function mysql_unbuffered_query($sql, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_query($link, $sql, MYSQLI_USE_RESULT);
}
function mysql_set_charset($charset, $link=null){
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_set_charset($link, $charset);
}
function mysql_get_host_info($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_get_host_info($link);
}
function mysql_get_proto_info($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_get_proto_info($link);
}
function mysql_get_server_info($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_get_server_info($link);
}
function mysql_info($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_info($link);
}
function mysql_get_client_info() {
$link = mysql_link();
return mysqli_get_client_info($link);
}
function mysql_create_db($db, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
$db = str_replace('`', '', mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $db));
return mysqli_query($link, "CREATE DATABASE `$db`");
}
function mysql_drop_db($db, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
$db = str_replace('`', '', mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $db));
return mysqli_query($link, "DROP DATABASE `$db`");
}
function mysql_list_dbs($link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
return mysqli_query($link, "SHOW DATABASES");
}
function mysql_list_fields($db, $table, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
$db = str_replace('`', '', mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $db));
$table = str_replace('`', '', mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $table));
return mysqli_query($link, "SHOW COLUMNS FROM `$db`.`$table`");
}
function mysql_list_tables($db, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
$db = str_replace('`', '', mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $db));
return mysqli_query($link, "SHOW TABLES FROM `$db`");
}
function mysql_db_query($db, $sql, $link=null) {
$link = mysql_link($link);
mysqli_select_db($link, $db);
return mysqli_query($link, $sql);
}
function mysql_fetch_row($qlink) {
return mysqli_fetch_row($qlink);
}
function mysql_fetch_assoc($qlink) {
return mysqli_fetch_assoc($qlink);
}
function mysql_fetch_array($qlink, $result=MYSQLI_BOTH) {
return mysqli_fetch_array($qlink, $result);
}
function mysql_fetch_lengths($qlink) {
return mysqli_fetch_lengths($qlink);
}
function mysql_insert_id($qlink) {
return mysqli_insert_id($qlink);
}
function mysql_num_rows($qlink) {
return mysqli_num_rows($qlink);
}
function mysql_num_fields($qlink) {
return mysqli_num_fields($qlink);
}
function mysql_data_seek($qlink, $row) {
return mysqli_data_seek($qlink, $row);
}
function mysql_field_seek($qlink, $offset) {
return mysqli_field_seek($qlink, $offset);
}
function mysql_fetch_object($qlink, $class="stdClass", array $params=null) {
return ($params === null)
? mysqli_fetch_object($qlink, $class)
: mysqli_fetch_object($qlink, $class, $params);
}
function mysql_db_name($qlink, $row, $field='Database') {
mysqli_data_seek($qlink, $row);
$db = mysqli_fetch_assoc($qlink);
return $db[$field];
}
function mysql_fetch_field($qlink, $offset=null) {
if ($offset !== null)
mysqli_field_seek($qlink, $offset);
return mysqli_fetch_field($qlink);
}
function mysql_result($qlink, $offset, $field=0) {
if ($offset !== null)
mysqli_field_seek($qlink, $offset);
$row = mysqli_fetch_array($qlink);
return (!is_array($row) || !isset($row[$field]))
? false
: $row[$field];
}
function mysql_field_len($qlink, $offset) {
$field = mysqli_fetch_field_direct($qlink, $offset);
return is_object($field) ? $field->length : false;
}
function mysql_field_name($qlink, $offset) {
$field = mysqli_fetch_field_direct($qlink, $offset);
if (!is_object($field))
return false;
return empty($field->orgname) ? $field->name : $field->orgname;
}
function mysql_field_table($qlink, $offset) {
$field = mysqli_fetch_field_direct($qlink, $offset);
if (!is_object($field))
return false;
return empty($field->orgtable) ? $field->table : $field->orgtable;
}
function mysql_field_type($qlink, $offset) {
$field = mysqli_fetch_field_direct($qlink, $offset);
return is_object($field) ? $field->type : false;
}
function mysql_free_result($qlink) {
try {
mysqli_free_result($qlink);
} catch (Exception $e) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
