NameError: name 'reduce' is not defined in Python

Question

I'm using Python 3.2. Tried this:

xor = lambda x,y: (x+y)%2
l = reduce(xor, [1,2,3,4])

And got the following error:

l = reduce(xor, [1,2,3,4])
NameError: name 'reduce' is not defined

Tried printing reduce into interactive console - got this error:

NameError: name 'reduce' is not defined

Is reduce really removed in Python 3.2? If that's the case, what's the alternative?

Answer 1

It was moved to functools.

Answer 2

You can add

from functools import reduce

before you use the reduce.

Answer 3

Or if you use the six library

from six.moves import reduce

Answer 4

In this case I believe that the following is equivalent:

l = sum([1,2,3,4]) % 2

The only problem with this is that it creates big numbers, but maybe that is better than repeated modulo operations?

Answer 5

you need to install and import reduce from functools python package