How can I get useful error messages in PHP?

Question

Quite often I will try and run a PHP script and just get a blank screen back. No error message; just an empty screen. The cause might have been a simple syntax error (wrong bracket, missing semicolon), or a failed function call, or something else entirely.

It is very difficult to figure out what went wrong. I end up commenting out code, entering "echo" statements everywhere, etc. trying to narrow down the problem. But there surely must be a better way, right?

Is there a way to get PHP to produce a useful error message, like Java does?

Answer 1

For syntax errors, you need to enable error display in the php.ini. By default these are turned off because you don't want a "customer" seeing the error messages. Check this page in the PHP documentation for information on the 2 directives: error_reporting and display_errors. display_errors is probably the one you want to change. If you can't modify the php.ini, you can also add the following lines to an .htaccess file:

php_flag  display_errors        on
php_value error_reporting       2039

You may want to consider using the value of E_ALL (as mentioned by Gumbo) for your version of PHP for error_reporting to get all of the errors. more info

3 other items: (1) You can check the error log file as it will have all of the errors (unless logging has been disabled). (2) Adding the following 2 lines will help you debug errors that are not syntax errors:

error_reporting(-1);
ini_set('display_errors', 'On');

(3) Another option is to use an editor that checks for errors when you type, such as PhpEd. PhpEd also comes with a debugger which can provide more detailed information. (The PhpEd debugger is very similar to xdebug and integrates directly into the editor so you use 1 program to do everything.)

Cartman's link is also very good: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-debug/

Answer 2

The following enables all errors:

ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
error_reporting(-1);

Also see the following links

• http://php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.configuration.php#ini.display-errors
• http://php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.configuration.php#ini.display-startup-errors
• http://php.net/manual/en/function.error-reporting.php

Answer 3

The following code should display all errors:

<?php

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// - Display Errors
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ini_set('display_errors', 'On');
ini_set('html_errors', 0);

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// - Error Reporting
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
error_reporting(-1);

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// - Shutdown Handler
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function ShutdownHandler()
{
    if(@is_array($error = @error_get_last()))
    {
        return(@call_user_func_array('ErrorHandler', $error));
    };

    return(TRUE);
};

register_shutdown_function('ShutdownHandler');

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// - Error Handler
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function ErrorHandler($type, $message, $file, $line)
{
    $_ERRORS = Array(
        0x0001 => 'E_ERROR',
        0x0002 => 'E_WARNING',
        0x0004 => 'E_PARSE',
        0x0008 => 'E_NOTICE',
        0x0010 => 'E_CORE_ERROR',
        0x0020 => 'E_CORE_WARNING',
        0x0040 => 'E_COMPILE_ERROR',
        0x0080 => 'E_COMPILE_WARNING',
        0x0100 => 'E_USER_ERROR',
        0x0200 => 'E_USER_WARNING',
        0x0400 => 'E_USER_NOTICE',
        0x0800 => 'E_STRICT',
        0x1000 => 'E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR',
        0x2000 => 'E_DEPRECATED',
        0x4000 => 'E_USER_DEPRECATED'
    );

    if(!@is_string($name = @array_search($type, @array_flip($_ERRORS))))
    {
        $name = 'E_UNKNOWN';
    };

    return(print(@sprintf("%s Error in file \xBB%s\xAB at line %d: %s\n", $name, @basename($file), $line, $message)));
};

$old_error_handler = set_error_handler("ErrorHandler");

// other php code

?>

The only way to generate a blank page with this code is when you have a error in the shutdown handler. I copied and pasted this from my own cms without testing it, but I am sure it works.

Answer 4

You can include the following lines in the file you want to debug:

error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', '1');

This overrides the default settings in php.ini, which just make PHP report the errors to the log.

Answer 5

Errors and warnings usually appear in ....\logs\php_error.log or ....\logs\apache_error.log depending on your php.ini settings.

Also useful errors are often directed to the browser, but as they are not valid html they are not displayed.

So "tail -f" your log files and when you get a blank screen use IEs "view" -> "source" menu options to view the raw output.

Answer 6

PHP Configuration

2 entries in php.ini dictate the output of errors:

1. display_errors
2. error_reporting

In production, display_errors is usually set to Off (Which is a good thing, because error display in production sites is generally not desirable!).

However, in development, it should be set to On, so that errors get displayed. Check!

error_reporting (as of PHP 5.3) is set by default to E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT & ~E_DEPRECATED (meaning, everything is shown except for notices, strict standards and deprecation notices). When in doubt, set it to E_ALL to display all the errors. Check!

Whoa whoa! No check! I can't change my php.ini!

That's a shame. Usually shared hosts do not allow the alteration of their php.ini file, and so, that option is sadly unavailable. But fear not! We have other options!

Runtime configuration

In the desired script, we can alter the php.ini entries in runtime! Meaning, it'll run when the script runs! Sweet!

error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set("display_errors", "On");

These two lines will do the same effect as altering the php.ini entries as above! Awesome!

I still get a blank page/500 error!

That means that the script hadn't even run! That usually happens when you have a syntax error!

With syntax errors, the script doesn't even get to runtime. It fails at compile time, meaning that it'll use the values in php.ini, which if you hadn't changed, may not allow the display of errors.

Error logs

In addition, PHP by default logs errors. In shared hosting, it may be in a dedicated folder or on the same folder as the offending script.

If you have access to php.ini, you can find it under the error_log entry.

Answer 7

I'm always using this syntax at the very top of the php script.

ini_set('error_reporting', E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', 'On');  //On or Off

Answer 8

There is a really useful extension called "xdebug" that will make your reports much nicer as well.

Answer 9

For quick, hands-on troubleshooting I normally suggest here on SO:

error_reporting(~0); ini_set('display_errors', 1);

to be put at the beginning of the script that is under trouble-shooting. This is not perfect, the perfect variant is that you also enable that in the php.ini and that you log the errors in PHP to catch syntax and startup errors.

The settings outlined here display all errors, notices and warnings, including strict ones, regardless which PHP version.

Next things to consider:

• Install Xdebug and enable remote-debugging with your IDE.

See as well:

• Error Reporting (PHP The Right Way.)
• Predefined Constants^Docs
• error_reporting()^Docs
• display_errors^Docs

Answer 10

It is possible to register an hook to make the last error or warning visible.

function shutdown(){
  var_dump(error_get_last());
}

register_shutdown_function('shutdown');

adding this code to the beginning of you index.php will help you debug the problems.

Answer 11

If you are super cool, you might try:

$test_server = $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] == "127.0.0.1" || $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] == "localhost" || substr($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'],0,3) == "192";

ini_set('display_errors',$test_server);
error_reporting(E_ALL|E_STRICT);

This will only display errors when you are running locally. It also gives you the test_server variable to use in other places where appropriate.

Any errors that happen before the script runs won't be caught, but for 99% of errors that I make, that's not an issue.

Answer 12

On the top of the page choose a parameter

error_reporting(E_ERROR | E_WARNING | E_PARSE);

Answer 13

This is a problem of loaded vs. runtime configuration

It's important to recognize that a syntax error or parse error happens during the compile or parsing step, which means that PHP will bail before it's even had a chance to execute any of your code. So if you are modifying PHP's display_errors configuration during runtime, (this includes anything from using ini_set in your code to using .htaccess, which is a runtime configuration file) then only the default loaded configuration settings are in play.

How to always avoid WSOD in development

To avoid a WSOD you want to make sure that your loaded configuration file has display_errors on and error_reporting set to -1 (this is the equivalent E_ALL because it ensures all bits are turned on regardless of which version of PHP you're running). Don't hardcode the constant value of E_ALL, because that value is subject to change between different versions of PHP.

Loaded configuration is either your loaded php.ini file or your apache.conf or httpd.conf or virtualhost file. Those files are only read once during the startup stage (when you first start apache httpd or php-fpm, for example) and only overridden by runtime configuration changes. Making sure that display_errors = 1 and error_reporting = -1 in your loaded configuration file ensures that you will never see a WSOD regardless of syntax or parse error that occur before a runtime change like ini_set('display_errors', 1); or error_reporting(E_ALL); can take place.

How to find your (php.ini) loaded configuration files

To locate your loaded configuration file(s) just create a new PHP file with only the following code...

<?php
phpinfo();

Then point your browser there and look at Loaded Configuration File and Additional .ini files parsed, which are usually at the top of your phpinfo() and will include the absolute path to all your loaded configuration files.

If you see (none) instead of the file, that means you don't have a php.ini in Configuration File (php.ini) Path. So you can download the stock php.ini bundled with PHP from here and copy that to your configuration file path as php.ini then make sure your php user has sufficient permissions to read from that file. You'll need to restart httpd or php-fpm to load it in. Remember, this is the development php.ini file that comes bundled with the PHP source. So please don't use it in production!

---

Just don't do this in production

This really is the best way to avoid a WSOD in development. Anyone suggesting that you put ini_set('display_errors', 1); or error_reporting(E_ALL); at the top of your PHP script or using .htaccess like you did here, is not going to help you avoid a WSOD when a syntax or parse error occurs (like in your case here) if your loaded configuration file has display_errors turned off.

Many people (and stock installations of PHP) will use a production-ini file that has display_errors turned off by default, which typically results in this same frustration you've experienced here. Because PHP already has it turned off when it starts up, then encounters a syntax or parse error, and bails with nothing to output. You expect that your ini_set('display_errors',1); at the top of your PHP script should have avoided that, but it won't matter if PHP can't parse your code because it will never have reached the runtime.

Answer 14

To persist this and make it confortale, you can edit your php.ini file. It is usually stored in /etc/php.ini or /etc/php/php.ini, but more local php.ini's may overwrite it, depending on your hosting provider's setup guidelines. Check a phpinfo() file for Loaded Configuration File at the top, to be sure which one gets loaded last.

Search for display_errors in that file. There should be only 3 instances, of which 2 are commented.

Change the uncommented line to:

display_errors = stdout

Answer 15

ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);

Answer 16

I don't know if it will help, but here is a piece of my standard config file for php projects. I tend not to depend too much on the apache configs even on my own server.

I never have the disappearing error problem, so perhaps something here will give you an idea.

Edited to show APPLICATON_LIVE

/*
APPLICATION_LIVE will be used in process to tell if we are in a development or production environment.  It's generally set as early as possible (often the first code to run), before any config, url routing, etc.
*/

if ( preg_match( "%^(www.)?livedomain.com$%", $_SERVER["HTTP_HOST"]) ) {
    define('APPLICATION_LIVE', true);
} elseif ( preg_match( "%^(www.)?devdomain.net$%", $_SERVER["HTTP_HOST"]) ) {
    define('APPLICATION_LIVE', false);
} else {
    die("INVALID HOST REQUEST (".$_SERVER["HTTP_HOST"].")");
    // Log or take other appropriate action.
}


/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------
DEFAULT ERROR HANDLING
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Default error logging.  Some of these may be changed later based on APPLICATION_LIVE.
*/
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_STRICT);
ini_set ( "display_errors", "0");
ini_set ( "display_startup_errors", "0");
ini_set ( "log_errors", 1);
ini_set ( "log_errors_max_len", 0);
ini_set ( "error_log", APPLICATION_ROOT."logs/php_error_log.txt");
ini_set ( "display_errors", "0");
ini_set ( "display_startup_errors", "0");

if ( ! APPLICATION_LIVE ) {
    // A few changes to error handling for development.
    // We will want errors to be visible during development.
    ini_set ( "display_errors", "1");
    ini_set ( "display_startup_errors", "1");
    ini_set ( "html_errors", "1");
    ini_set ( "docref_root", "http://www.php.net/");
    ini_set ( "error_prepend_string", "<div style='color:red; font-family:verdana; border:1px solid red; padding:5px;'>");
    ini_set ( "error_append_string", "</div>");
}

Answer 17

error_reporting(E_ALL | E_STRICT);
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('html_errors', 1);

In addition, you can get more detailed information with xdebug.

Answer 18

I recommend Nette Tracy for better visualization of errors and exceptions in PHP:

Answer 19

error_reporting(E_ALL | E_STRICT);

And turn on display errors in php.ini

Answer 20

You can register your own error handler in PHP. Dumping all errors to a file might help you in these obscure cases, for example. Note that your function will get called, no matter what your current error_reporting is set to. Very basic example:

function dump_error_to_file($errno, $errstr) {
    file_put_contents('/tmp/php-errors', date('Y-m-d H:i:s - ') . $errstr, FILE_APPEND);
}
set_error_handler('dump_error_to_file');

Answer 21

The two key lines you need to get useful errors out of PHP are:

ini_set('display_errors',1);
 error_reporting(E_ALL);

As pointed out by other contributors, these are switched off by default for security reasons. As a useful tip - when you're setting up your site it's handy to do a switch for your different environments so that these errors are ON by default in your local and development environments. This can be achieved with the following code (ideally in your index.php or config file so this is active from the start):

switch($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])
{
    // local
    case 'yourdomain.dev':
    // dev
    case 'dev.yourdomain.com':
        ini_set('display_errors',1);
        error_reporting(E_ALL);
    break;
    //live
    case 'yourdomain.com':
        //...
    break;
}

Answer 22

FirePHP can be useful as well.

Answer 23

open your php.ini, make sure it's set to:

display_errors = On

restart your server.

Answer 24

You might also want to try PHPStorm as your code editor. It will find many PHP and other syntax errors right as you are typing in the editor.

Answer 25

if you are a ubuntu user then goto your terminal and run this command

sudo tail -50f /var/log/apache2/error.log

where it will display recent 50 errors. There is a error file error.log for apache2 which logs all the errors.

Answer 26

To turn on full error reporting, add this to your script:

error_reporting(E_ALL);

This causes even minimal warnings to show up. And, just in case:

ini_set('display_errors', '1');

Will force the display of errors. This should be turned off in production servers, but not when you're developing.

Answer 27

The “ERRORS” are the most useful things for the developers to know their mistakes and resolved them to make the system working perfect.

PHP provides some of better ways to know the developers why and where their piece of code is getting the errors, so by knowing those errors developers can make their code better in many ways.

Best ways to write following two lines on the top of script to get all errors messages:

error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set("display_errors", 1);

Another way to use debugger tools like xdebug in your IDE.

Answer 28

You can enable full error reporting (including notices and strict messages). Some people find this too verbose, but it's worth a try. Set error_reporting to E_ALL | E_STRICT in your php.ini.

error_reporting = E_ALL | E_STRICT

E_STRICT will notify you about deprecated functions and give you recommendations about the best methods to do certain tasks.

If you don't want notices, but you find other message types helpful, try excluding notices:

error_reporting = (E_ALL | E_STRICT) & ~E_NOTICE

Also make sure that display_errors is enabled in php.ini. If your PHP version is older than 5.2.4, set it to On:

display_errors = "On"

If your version is 5.2.4 or newer, use:

display_errors = "stderr"

Answer 29

Aside from error_reporting and the display_errors ini setting, you can get SYNTAX errors from your web server's log files. When I'm developing PHP I load my development system's web server logs into my editor. Whenever I test a page and get a blank screen, the log file goes stale and my editor asks if I want to reload it. When I do, I jump to the bottom and there is the syntax error. For example:

[Sun Apr 19 19:09:11 2009] [error] [client 127.0.0.1] PHP Parse error:  syntax error, unexpected T_ENCAPSED_AND_WHITESPACE, expecting T_STRING or T_VARIABLE or T_NUM_STRING in D:\\webroot\\test\\test.php on line 9

Answer 30

For those who use nginx and have a white screen even for file with <?php echo 123;. In my case I didn't have this required option for PHP in nginx config file:

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

This option wasn't in fastcgi_params file, so PHP didn't work and there wasn't any errors in logs.