Windows XP, Python 2.5:
hash('http://stackoverflow.com') Result: 1934711907
Google App Engine (http://shell.appspot.com/):
hash('http://stackoverflow.com') Result: -5768830964305142685
Why is that? How can I have a hash function that will give me same results across different platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac)?
Use hashlib as hash() was designed to be used to:
quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup
and therefore does not guarantee that it will be the same across Python implementations.
As stated in the documentation, built-in hash() function is not designed for storing resulting hashes somewhere externally. It is used to provide object's hash value, to store them in dictionaries and so on. It's also implementation-specific (GAE uses a modified version of Python). Check out:
>>> class Foo:
... pass
...
>>> a = Foo()
>>> b = Foo()
>>> hash(a), hash(b)
(-1210747828, -1210747892)
As you can see, they are different, as hash() uses object's __hash__ method instead of 'normal' hashing algorithms, such as SHA.
Given the above, the rational choice is to use the hashlib module.
The response is absolutely no surprise: in fact
In [1]: -5768830964305142685L & 0xffffffff
Out[1]: 1934711907L
so if you want to get reliable responses on ASCII strings, just get the lower 32 bits as uint. The hash function for strings is 32-bit-safe and almost portable.
On the other side, you can't rely at all on getting the hash() of any object over which you haven't explicitly defined the __hash__ method to be invariant.
Over ASCII strings it works just because the hash is calculated on the single characters forming the string, like the following:
class string:
def __hash__(self):
if not self:
return 0 # empty
value = ord(self[0]) << 7
for char in self:
value = c_mul(1000003, value) ^ ord(char)
value = value ^ len(self)
if value == -1:
value = -2
return value
where the c_mul function is the "cyclic" multiplication (without overflow) as in C.
Most answers suggest this is because of different platforms, but there is more to it. From the documentation of object.__hash__(self):
By default, the
__hash__()values ofstr,bytesanddatetimeobjects are “salted” with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.This is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict insertion, O(n²) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
Changing hash values affects the iteration order of
dicts,setsand other mappings. Python has never made guarantees about this ordering (and it typically varies between 32-bit and 64-bit builds).
Even running on the same machine will yield varying results across invocations:
$ python -c "print(hash('http://stackoverflow.com'))"
-3455286212422042986
$ python -c "print(hash('http://stackoverflow.com'))"
-6940441840934557333
While:
$ python -c "print(hash((1,2,3)))"
2528502973977326415
$ python -c "print(hash((1,2,3)))"
2528502973977326415
See also the environment variable PYTHONHASHSEED:
If this variable is not set or set to
random, a random value is used to seed the hashes ofstr,bytesanddatetimeobjects.If
PYTHONHASHSEEDis set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating thehash()of the types covered by the hash randomization.Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.
The integer must be a decimal number in the range
[0, 4294967295]. Specifying the value0will disable hash randomization.
For example:
$ export PYTHONHASHSEED=0
$ python -c "print(hash('http://stackoverflow.com'))"
-5843046192888932305
$ python -c "print(hash('http://stackoverflow.com'))"
-5843046192888932305
This is the hash function that Google uses in production for python 2.5:
def c_mul(a, b):
return eval(hex((long(a) * b) & (2**64 - 1))[:-1])
def py25hash(self):
if not self:
return 0 # empty
value = ord(self[0]) << 7
for char in self:
value = c_mul(1000003, value) ^ ord(char)
value = value ^ len(self)
if value == -1:
value = -2
if value >= 2**63:
value -= 2**64
return value
What about sign bit?
For example:
Hex value 0xADFE74A5 represents unsigned 2919134373 and signed -1375832923.
Currect value must be signed (sign bit = 1) but python converts it as unsigned and we have an incorrect hash value after translation from 64 to 32 bit.
Be careful using:
def hash32(value):
return hash(value) & 0xffffffff
Polynomial hash for strings. 1000000009 and 239 are arbitrary prime numbers. Unlikely to have collisions by accident. Modular arithmetic is not very fast, but for preventing collisions this is more reliable than taking it modulo a power of 2. Of course, it is easy to find a collision on purpose.
mod=1000000009
def hash(s):
result=0
for c in s:
result = (result * 239 + ord(c)) % mod
return result % mod
The value of PYTHONHASHSEED might be used to initialize the hash values.
Try:
PYTHONHASHSEED python -c 'print(hash('http://stackoverflow.com'))'
It probably just asks the operating system provided function, rather than its own algorithm.
As other comments says, use hashlib or write your own hash function.
