I'm trying to run the program described in SICP 4.1 (http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-26.html) but have run into some difficulty in redefining the function apply as the book suggests that you do. The code is the following:
#lang planet neil/sicp
;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; 4.1.1 The Core of the Evaluator
;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Eval
(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)
(define (eval exp env)
(display 'eval)
(newline)
(display exp)
(newline)
(cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp)
((variable? exp) (let ((res (lookup-variable-value exp env)))
(display (list 'lookup exp))
(newline)
(display res)
(newline)
res))
((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
((lambda? exp)
(make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
(lambda-body exp)
env))
((begin? exp)
(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
((cond? exp) (eval (cond->if exp) env))
((application? exp)
(apply (eval (operator exp) env)
(list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
(else
(error "Unknown expression" exp))))
;; Apply
(define (apply procedure arguments)
(display 'apply)
(newline)
(display procedure)
(newline)
(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
(apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments))
((compound-procedure? procedure)
(eval-sequence
(procedure-body procedure)
(extend-environment
(procedure-parameters procedure)
arguments
(procedure-environment procedure))))
(else
(error
"Unknown procedure type -- " procedure))))
;; Application
(define (application? exp) (pair? exp))
(define (operator exp) (car exp))
(define (operands exp) (cdr exp))
;; Procedure arguments
(define (list-of-values exps env)
(if (no-operands? exps)
'()
(cons (eval (first-operand exps) env)
(list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))
(define (no-operands? ops) (null? ops))
(define (first-operand ops) (car ops))
(define (rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))
;; Conditionals
(define (eval-if exp env)
(if (true? (eval (if-predicate exp) env))
(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
;; Sequences
(define (eval-sequence exps env)
(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
(else (eval (first-exp exps) env)
(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
;; Assignments and definitions
(define (eval-assignment exp env)
(set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp)
(eval (assignment-value exp) env)
env)
'ok)
(define (eval-definition exp env)
(define-variable! (definition-variable exp)
(eval (definition-value exp) env)
env)
'ok)
;; Representing Expressions
;; self evaluating := items, numbers
(define (self-evaluating? exp)
(cond ((number? exp) true)
((string? exp) true)
(else false)))
;; variables = symbol
(define (variable? exp) (symbol? exp))
;; (quote <text-of-quotation>)
(define (quoted? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'quote))
(define (text-of-quotation exp) (cadr exp))
(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
(if (pair? exp)
(eq? (car exp) tag)
false))
;; (set! <var> <value>)
(define (assignment? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'set!))
(define (assignment-variable exp) (cadr exp))
(define (assignment-value exp) (caddr exp))
;; (define <var> <value>)
;; or
;; (define <var>
;; (lambda (<parameter-1> ... <parameter-n>)
;; <body>))
;; or
;; (define (<var> <parameter-1> ... <parameter-n>)
;; <body>)
(define (definition? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'define))
(define (definition-variable exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(cadr exp)
(caadr exp)))
(define (definition-value exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(caddr exp)
(make-lambda (cdadr exp) ;; formal params
(cddr exp)))) ;; body
;; lambda
(define (lambda? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'lambda))
(define (lambda-parameters exp) (cadr exp))
(define (lambda-body exp) (cddr exp))
;; constructor for lambda expression
(define (make-lambda parameters body)
(cons 'lambda (cons parameters body)))
;; if
(define (if? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'if))
(define (if-predicate exp) (cadr exp))
(define (if-consequent exp) (caddr exp))
(define (if-alternative exp)
(if (not (null? (caddr exp)))
(cadddr exp)
'false))
;; constructor to transform cond expressions to if expressions
(define (make-if predicate consequent alternative)
(list 'if predicate consequent alternative))
;; begin
(define (begin? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'begin))
(define (begin-actions exp) (cdr exp))
(define (last-exp? seq) (null? (cdr seq)))
(define (first-exp seq) (car seq))
(define (rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))
;; sequence->exp
(define (sequence->exp seq)
(cond ((null? seq) seq)
((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq))
(else (make-begin seq))))
(define (make-begin seq) (cons 'begin seq))
;; derived expressions
(define (cond? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'cond))
(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))
(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
(eq? (cond-predicate clause) 'else))
(define (cond-predicate clause) (car clause))
(define (cond-actions clause) (cdr clause))
(define (cond->if exp)
(expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))
(define (expand-clauses clauses)
(if (null? clauses)
'false
(let ((first (car clauses))
(rest (cdr clauses)))
(if (cond-else-clause? first)
(if (null? rest)
(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
(error "ELSE clause isn't last -- COND->IF"
clauses))
(make-if (cond-predicate first)
(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
(expand-clauses rest))))))
;; Representing procedures
;; (apply-primitive-procedure <proc> <args>)
;; (primitive-procedure? <proc>)
(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
(list 'procedure parameters body env))
(define (compound-procedure? p)
(tagged-list? p 'procedure))
(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))
;; Operations on Environments
;; env is nothing but a list of frames.
(define the-empty-environment '())
(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
(define (first-frame env) (car env))
;; each frames contains variables and values
(define (make-frame variables values)
(cons variables values))
(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))
(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
(set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
(set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))))
;; (extend-environment <variables> <values> <base-env>)
(define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
(if (= (length vars) (length vals))
(cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
(if (< (length vars) (length vals))
(error "Too many arguments supplied" vars vals)
(error "Too few arguments supplied" vars vals))))
;; (lookup-variable-value <var> <env>)
(define (lookup-variable-value var env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(car vals))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env))
;; (set-variable-value! <var> <value> <env>)
(define (set-variable-value! var val env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable -- SET!" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env))
;; (define-variable! <var> <value> <env>)
(define (define-variable! var val env)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(add-binding-to-frame! var val frame))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame))))
(define (true? x)
(not (eq? x false)))
(define (false? x)
(eq? x false))
;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; 4.1.4 - Running the Evaluator as a Program
;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
(tagged-list? proc 'primitive))
(define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc))
(define primitive-procedures
(list (list 'car car)
(list 'cdr cdr)
(list 'cons cons)
(list 'null? null?)
))
(define (primitive-procedure-names)
(map car
primitive-procedures))
(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
(map (lambda (proc) (list 'primitive (cadr proc)))
primitive-procedures))
(define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
(apply-in-underlying-scheme
(primitive-implementation proc) args))
(define (setup-environment)
(let ((initial-env
(extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names)
(primitive-procedure-objects)
the-empty-environment)))
(define-variable! 'true true initial-env)
(define-variable! 'false false initial-env)
initial-env))
;; for scheme, uncomment for lisp
;;(define true #t)
;;(define false #f)
(define input-prompt " mscheme > ")
(define output-prompt " .. ")
(define (driver-loop)
(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
(let ((input (read)))
(let ((output (eval input the-global-environment)))
(announce-output output-prompt)
(user-print output)))
(driver-loop))
(define (prompt-for-input string)
(newline) (newline) (display string) (newline))
(define (announce-output string)
(newline) (display string) (newline))
(define (user-print object)
(if (compound-procedure? object)
(display (list 'compound-procedure
(procedure-parameters object)
(procedure-body object)
'<procedure-env>))
(display object)))
;; start repl
(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
(driver-loop)
The problem is the beginning, where I am trying to save the scheme builtin apply as "apply-in-underlying-scheme." Since there is another function named "apply" written below, I get the error "reference to an identifier before its definition: apply." How can I reference the builtin "apply" without causing an error here?
