In GNU Make, how do I convert a variable to lower case?

60
votes

This is a silly question, but.... with GNU Make:

VAR = MixedCaseText
LOWER_VAR = $(VAR,lc)

default:
        @echo $(VAR)
        @echo $(LOWER_VAR)

In the above example, what's the correct syntax for converting VAR's contents to lower case? The syntax shown (and everything else I've run across) result in LOWER_VAR being an empty string.

6
makefile

6 Answers

61
votes

you can always spawn off tr

LOWER_VAR = `echo $(VAR) | tr A-Z a-z`

or

LOWER_VAR  = $(shell echo $(VAR) | tr A-Z a-z)

The 'lc' functions you trying to call is from GNU Make Standard Library

Assuming that is installed , the proper syntax would be

LOWER_VAR  = $(call lc,$(VAR))
58
votes

You can do this directly in gmake, without using the GNU Make Standard Library:

lc = $(subst A,a,$(subst B,b,$(subst C,c,$(subst D,d,$(subst E,e,$(subst F,f,$(subst G,g,$(subst H,h,$(subst I,i,$(subst J,j,$(subst K,k,$(subst L,l,$(subst M,m,$(subst N,n,$(subst O,o,$(subst P,p,$(subst Q,q,$(subst R,r,$(subst S,s,$(subst T,t,$(subst U,u,$(subst V,v,$(subst W,w,$(subst X,x,$(subst Y,y,$(subst Z,z,$1))))))))))))))))))))))))))

VAR = MixedCaseText
LOWER_VAR = $(call lc,$(VAR))

all:
        @echo $(VAR)
        @echo $(LOWER_VAR)

It looks a little clunky, but it gets the job done.

If you do go with the $(shell) variety, please do use := instead of just =, as in LOWER_VAR := $(shell echo $VAR | tr A-Z a-z). That way, you only invoke the shell one time, when the variable is declared, instead of every time the variable is referenced!

Hope that helps.

22
votes

To handle capital letters with accents:

LOWER_VAR  = $(shell echo $VAR | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')

Results:

$ VAR="Éclipse"
$ echo $VAR | tr A-Z a-z
Éclipse
$ echo $VAR | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
éclipse
8
votes

I find this slightly cleaner...

$(shell tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' <<< $(VAR))
3
votes

If Python is installed this runs even on Windows:

$(shell python -c "print('$(VAR)'.lower())")
0
votes

GNU make doesn't include string functions for case conversion. Thus, there is no lc function defined, by default.

But GNU Make usually comes with GNU Guile support enabled (e.g. this is the case on Fedora 33).

Thus, you can just call a Guile function for converting the case:

VAR = MixedCaseText
LOWER_VAR = $(guile (string-downcase "$(VAR)"))

default:
        @echo $(VAR)
        @echo $(LOWER_VAR)

Or if you want to encapsulate the Guile call:

VAR = MixedCaseText
LOWER_VAR = $(call to_lower,$(VAR))


define to_lower
$(guile (string-downcase "$(1)"))
endef


default:
        @echo $(VAR)
        @echo $(LOWER_VAR)