Why do you need ./ (dot-slash) before executable or script name to run it in bash?

Question

When running scripts in bash, I have to write ./ in the beginning:

$ ./manage.py syncdb

If I don't, I get an error message:

$ manage.py syncdb
-bash: manage.py: command not found

What is the reason for this? I thought . is an alias for current folder, and therefore these two calls should be equivalent.

I also don't understand why I don't need ./ when running applications, such as:

user:/home/user$ cd /usr/bin
user:/usr/bin$ git

(which runs without ./)

Answer 1

Because on Unix, usually, the current directory is not in $PATH.

When you type a command the shell looks up a list of directories, as specified by the PATH variable. The current directory is not in that list.

The reason for not having the current directory on that list is security.

Let's say you're root and go into another user's directory and type sl instead of ls. If the current directory is in PATH, the shell will try to execute the sl program in that directory (since there is no other sl program). That sl program might be malicious.

It works with ./ because POSIX specifies that a command name that contain a / will be used as a filename directly, suppressing a search in $PATH. You could have used full path for the exact same effect, but ./ is shorter and easier to write.

EDIT

That sl part was just an example. The directories in PATH are searched sequentially and when a match is made that program is executed. So, depending on how PATH looks, typing a normal command may or may not be enough to run the program in the current directory.

Answer 2

When bash interprets the command line, it looks for commands in locations described in the environment variable $PATH. To see it type:

echo $PATH

You will have some paths separated by colons. As you will see the current path . is usually not in $PATH. So Bash cannot find your command if it is in the current directory. You can change it by having:

PATH=$PATH:.

This line adds the current directory in $PATH so you can do:

manage.py syncdb

It is not recommended as it has security issue, plus you can have weird behaviours, as . varies upon the directory you are in :)

Avoid:

PATH=.:$PATH

As you can “mask” some standard command and open the door to security breach :)

Just my two cents.

Answer 3

Your script, when in your home directory will not be found when the shell looks at the $PATH environment variable to find your script.

The ./ says 'look in the current directory for my script rather than looking at all the directories specified in $PATH'.

Answer 4

When you include the '.' you are essentially giving the "full path" to the executable bash script, so your shell does not need to check your PATH variable. Without the '.' your shell will look in your PATH variable (which you can see by running echo $PATH to see if the command you typed lives in any of the folders on your PATH. If it doesn't (as is the case with manage.py) it says it can't find the file. It is considered bad practice to include the current directory on your PATH, which is explained reasonably well here: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/faq/part2/section-13.html

Answer 5

On *nix, unlike Windows, the current directory is usually not in your $PATH variable. So the current directory is not searched when executing commands. You don't need ./ for running applications because these applications are in your $PATH; most likely they are in /bin or /usr/bin.

Answer 6

This question already has some awesome answers, but I wanted to add that, if your executable is on the PATH, and you get very different outputs when you run

./executable

to the ones you get if you run

executable

(let's say you run into error messages with the one and not the other), then the problem could be that you have two different versions of the executable on your machine: one on the path, and the other not.

Check this by running

which executable

and

whereis executable

It fixed my issues...I had three versions of the executable, only one of which was compiled correctly for the environment.

Answer 7

When the script is not in the Path its required to do so. For more info read http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_02_01.html

Answer 8

Rationale for the / POSIX PATH rule

The rule was mentioned at: Why do you need ./ (dot-slash) before executable or script name to run it in bash? but I would like to explain why I think that is a good design in more detail.

First, an explicit full version of the rule is:

• if the path contains / (e.g. ./someprog, /bin/someprog, ./bin/someprog): CWD is used and PATH isn't
• if the path does not contain / (e.g. someprog): PATH is used and CWD isn't

Now, suppose that running:

someprog

would search:

• relative to CWD first
• relative to PATH after

Then, if you wanted to run /bin/someprog from your distro, and you did:

someprog

it would sometimes work, but others it would fail, because you might be in a directory that contains another unrelated someprog program.

Therefore, you would soon learn that this is not reliable, and you would end up always using absolute paths when you want to use PATH, therefore defeating the purpose of PATH.

This is also why having relative paths in your PATH is a really bad idea. I'm looking at you, node_modules/bin.

Conversely, suppose that running:

./someprog

Would search:

• relative to PATH first
• relative to CWD after

Then, if you just downloaded a script someprog from a git repository and wanted to run it from CWD, you would never be sure that this is the actual program that would run, because maybe your distro has a:

/bin/someprog

which is in you PATH from some package you installed after drinking too much after Christmas last year.

Therefore, once again, you would be forced to always run local scripts relative to CWD with full paths to know what you are running:

"$(pwd)/someprog"

which would be extremely annoying as well.

Another rule that you might be tempted to come up with would be:

relative paths use only PATH, absolute paths only CWD

but once again this forces users to always use absolute paths for non-PATH scripts with "$(pwd)/someprog".

The / path search rule offers a simple to remember solution to the about problem:

• slash: don't use PATH
• no slash: only use PATH

which makes it super easy to always know what you are running, by relying on the fact that files in the current directory can be expressed either as ./somefile or somefile, and so it gives special meaning to one of them.

Sometimes, is slightly annoying that you cannot search for some/prog relative to PATH, but I don't see a saner solution to this.

Answer 9

All has great answer on the question, and yes this is only applicable when running it on the current directory not unless you include the absolute path. See my samples below.

Also, the (dot-slash) made sense to me when I've the command on the child folder tmp2 (/tmp/tmp2) and it uses (double dot-slash).

SAMPLE:

[fifiip-172-31-17-12 tmp]$ ./StackO.sh

Hello Stack Overflow

[fifi@ip-172-31-17-12 tmp]$ /tmp/StackO.sh

Hello Stack Overflow

[fifi@ip-172-31-17-12 tmp]$ mkdir tmp2

[fifi@ip-172-31-17-12 tmp]$ cd tmp2/

[fifi@ip-172-31-17-12 tmp2]$ ../StackO.sh

Hello Stack Overflow