variadic functions - Python, default keyword arguments after variable length positional arguments

Question

I thought I could use named parameters after variable-length positional parameters in a function call in Python 2, but I get a SyntaxError when importing a python class. I'm writing with the following "get" method, for example:

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self):
        print "You have created a Foo."

    def get(self, *args, raw=False, vars=None):
        print len(args)
        print raw
        print vars

The error looks like:

def get(self, *args, raw=False, vars=None):
                     ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

I'd like to be able to call the method several ways:

f = Foo()
f.get(arg1, arg2)
f.get(arg1, raw=True)
f.get(arg1, arg2, raw=True, vars=something)

etc.

Answer 1

It does work, but only in Python 3. See PEP 3102. From glancing over the "what's new" documents, it seems that there is no 2.x backport, so you're out of luck. You'll have to accept any keyword arguments (**kwargs) and manually parse it. You can use d.get(k, default) to either get d[k] or default if that's not there. To remove an argument from kwargs, e.g. before calling a super class' method, use d.pop.

---

Note that in def get(self, *args, raw=False, vars=None):, the raw=False and vars=None have nothing to do with keyword arguments. Those are default argument values. Arguments with a default value may be passed positionally, and arguments without a default value may be passed by keyword:

def f(a=1): pass
f(2)  # works, passing a positionally
def f(a): pass
f(a=2)  # works, passing a by keyword

Similarly, keyword-only arguments are not required to have a default value. Coming after the *args argument is what marks them as keyword-only, not the presence of a default value:

def f(*args, a): pass
# a is a mandatory, keyword-only argument

Answer 2

Python's syntax doesn't allow variable args in function and keyword arguments with default value at the same time. If you must have keyword arguments along with arbitrary number of positional arguments, you need to allow arbitrary number of keyword arguments as well.

This is a common pattern to provide default values for keyword arguments, as well as allowing any number of positional arguments:

def foo(*args, **kwargs):
   raw = kwargs.pop('raw', False)
   vars = kwargs.pop('vars', None)

If you don't use the extra keyword arguments at all, you have nothing to worry about. This makes the function a bit less self-documenting, which you can make up with a properly written docstring.