An alias must also be published they are stored below /sitecore/system/Aliases
A shot in the darkness to give a possible reason for the all other pages become broken.
perhaps you switch the language, when the url start with a language code for example /da/testpage you go to the Danish language, /ja-jp/testpage go to Japanese language. and if there is no content or language fallback for that language, it look not nice, and looks to become broken.
Sitecore has a language cookie named website#lang depend on the configured site name. There the language is stored, so if an url does not contain a language code and there is a language code cookie, Sitecore uses that language code.
If your site is in "en" language you can fix it by entering a url started with /en/
or by deleting the language cookie.
so if this is the case in your situation, you properly have a language code in your url alias.