When exporting a scene from Blender to Unity, the position and rotation of some objects become messed up. The screenshots below illustrate the problem:
I'm using Blender 2.79b and Unity 2018.2.0f2. I'm running macOS High Sierra. The screenshots above illustrate importing the blend file with the default settings in Unity. The same happens when I convert to FBX in Blender and import in Unity (using default export settings in Blender). All objects have object transforms applied in Blender. The barrel segments that are out of place (1) are parented to the swivel joints (2), which in turn are parented to a bone (3). There is no animation.
If I unparent everything in blender and keep object transforms, everything looks good.