I just tested it and it worked fine.

Did you enable the plugin? If not, you should see this in the log...
2018-07-09 08:52:04.173 ERROR 156 --- [ 127.0.0.1:5672] o.s.a.r.c.CachingConnectionFactory : Channel shutdown: connection error; protocol method: #method(reply-code=503, reply-text=COMMAND_INVALID - unknown exchange type 'x-delayed-message', class-id=40, method-id=10)
See the plugin documentation.
Another possibility is the exchange already existed. Exchange configuration is immutable; you will see a message like this...
2018-07-09 09:04:43.202 ERROR 3309 --- [ 127.0.0.1:5672] o.s.a.r.c.CachingConnectionFactory : Channel shutdown: channel error; protocol method: #method(reply-code=406, reply-text=PRECONDITION_FAILED - inequivalent arg 'type' for exchange 'so51244078' in vhost '/': received ''x-delayed-message'' but current is 'direct', class-id=40, method-id=10)
In this case you have to delete the exchange first.
By the way, you will need a routing key too; by default the queue will be bound with the topic exchange wildcard #.
x-delayed-typeis an exchange feature. It fully isn't related to the queue abstraction. - Artem Bilan