You can enable an Azure AD-authenticated user to modify their account profile by including the Azure AD claims provider in the profile edit user journey as follows:
<UserJourney Id="ProfileEdit">
<OrchestrationSteps>
<OrchestrationStep Order="1" Type="ClaimsProviderSelection" ContentDefinitionReferenceId="api.idpselections">
<ClaimsProviderSelections>
<ClaimsProviderSelection TargetClaimsExchangeId="ContosoExchange" />
<ClaimsProviderSelection TargetClaimsExchangeId="LocalAccountSigninEmailExchange" />
</ClaimsProviderSelections>
</OrchestrationStep>
<OrchestrationStep Order="2" Type="ClaimsExchange">
<ClaimsExchanges>
<ClaimsExchange Id="ContosoExchange" TechnicalProfileReferenceId="ContosoProfile" />
<ClaimsExchange Id="LocalAccountSigninEmailExchange" TechnicalProfileReferenceId="SelfAsserted-LocalAccountSignin-Email" />
</ClaimsExchanges>
</OrchestrationStep>
<OrchestrationStep Order="3" Type="ClaimsExchange">
<Preconditions>
<Precondition Type="ClaimEquals" ExecuteActionsIf="true">
<Value>authenticationSource</Value>
<Value>localAccountAuthentication</Value>
<Action>SkipThisOrchestrationStep</Action>
</Precondition>
</Preconditions>
<ClaimsExchanges>
<ClaimsExchange Id="AADUserRead" TechnicalProfileReferenceId="AAD-UserReadUsingAlternativeSecurityId" />
</ClaimsExchanges>
</OrchestrationStep>
<OrchestrationStep Order="4" Type="ClaimsExchange">
<Preconditions>
<Precondition Type="ClaimEquals" ExecuteActionsIf="true">
<Value>authenticationSource</Value>
<Value>contosoAuthentication</Value>
<Action>SkipThisOrchestrationStep</Action>
</Precondition>
</Preconditions>
<ClaimsExchanges>
<ClaimsExchange Id="AADUserReadWithObjectId" TechnicalProfileReferenceId="AAD-UserReadUsingObjectId" />
</ClaimsExchanges>
</OrchestrationStep>
<OrchestrationStep Order="5" Type="ClaimsExchange">
<ClaimsExchanges>
<ClaimsExchange Id="B2CUserProfileUpdateExchange" TechnicalProfileReferenceId="SelfAsserted-ProfileUpdate" />
</ClaimsExchanges>
</OrchestrationStep>
<OrchestrationStep Order="6" Type="SendClaims" CpimIssuerTechnicalProfileReferenceId="JwtIssuer" />
</OrchestrationSteps>
<ClientDefinition ReferenceId="DefaultWeb" />
</UserJourney>
This user journey prompts the end user to log in with either their local account or their Azure AD account and then, after reading the user object by either the object identifier (for the local account) or the alternative security identifier (for the Azure AD account), shows the profile editing page.