Yes, you can attach (mount) an EBS volume to an EC2 instance using the AWS CLI command line tool. You run this command in the EC2 User Data at instance launch.
Running Commands on Your Linux Instance at Launch
AWS CLI attach-volume
Note: There is a problem with this strategy. The ASG Launch Configuration is for creating new EC2 instances that are identical. This would mean that you would be attempting to attach the same EBS volume to each instance which will fail. You may want to consider using EFS instead.
Amazon Elastic File System
Mount EFS on EC2 using the AWS CLI
Note: Use IAM roles to provide your instances with credentials instead of storing credentials on the EC2 instance.
Once you have configured your "master" EC2 instance create a new AMI for your ASG launch configuration.
When mounted on Amazon EC2 instances, an Amazon EFS file system provides a standard file system interface and file system access semantics, allowing you to seamlessly integrate Amazon EFS with your existing applications and tools. Multiple Amazon EC2 instances can access an Amazon EFS file system at the same time, allowing Amazon EFS to provide a common data source for workloads and applications running on more than one Amazon EC2 instance.