You're always required to provide a credit card or a bank account in order to verify that you're not a bot (otherwise imagine the spam that they would receive).
From the FAQ (https://cloud.google.com/free/docs/frequently-asked-questions):
Why do I need to provide a credit card or bank account for the free
trial?
When you sign up for the free trial, you are asked to provide your
credit card information. This information is used only to verify your
identity and let us know you're not a robot. Your credit card is not
charged unless you upgrade to a paid account.
If you do not have a credit card, you can sign up for the free trial
by providing a bank account instead of a credit card. To verify that
you own the account, you'll provide the account number and routing
number. Google deposits a small random amount within 2-3 days. After
you've received the deposit, you'll use the deposit amount to finish
the process of signing up for the free trial.
You won't be charged until you upgrade to a paid account. Google has limits on all of their free tiers to prevent users going over thresholds.
Note that the Free Tier and Always Free offers have different requirements:
The first is a trial (with a time limit and credit limit) that will
ask you to upgrade to a paid account once it's over.
The latter allows you to use cloud services without paying up to a
certain usage limit, after which you will be billed at their normal rates. You're only eligible for Always Free if you already have a paid account.