Electron-builder is supposed to be able to do that through specifying the FileAssociation. I've read of various issues with this but haven't needed it myself yet– if it works for you, please report back.
There is also the Windows only electron-regedit node module:
"File associations, file icons & open with... for electron apps
This module allows you to register your app in the windows registry,
manipulate context menus & handle native open, edit, print, preview
actions ect."
However for Google drive you might be looking at registering a protocol and url scheme. There is support for that electron-packager
protocol
Array of Strings
The URL protocol scheme(s) to associate the app with. For example,
specifying myapp would cause URLs such as myapp://path to be opened
with the app. Maps to the CFBundleURLSchemes metadata property. This
option requires a corresponding protocol-name option to be specified.
protocol-name
Array of Strings
The descriptive name(s) of the URL protocol scheme(s) specified via
the protocol option. Maps to the CFBundleURLName metadata property.