Well, to be honest if I were you I'd really make separate components for particular types. In the future the logic might be more complex and that would be easier to modify particular function than try to figure out how to come up with all those if..else.
Nevertheless your request is different...
As you see there is only one possible hook for you there - RowMapper injection for particular procedure param.
I can suggest the solution like RoutingRowMapper, which will consult some ThreadLocal variable to select the proper RowMapper to delegate.
The idea is picked up from the AbstractRoutingDataSource. Also there is something like SimpleRoutingConnectionFactory in the Spring AMQP.
The ThreadLocal you can populate before stored-proc-outbound-gateway and that really can be your desired type.
Another trick might be based on the result from the procedure where ResultSet contains a column with a hint which target RowMapper to choose.
In any way your task can be achieved only via composite RowMapper. The stored-proc-outbound-gateway doesn't have any logic to tackle and won't. It's just not its responsibility.