As a legacy method, SQL CDC does not work as it require a user with sysadmin privs in RDS which is impossible.
So, there is a workaround by Amazon to get this done. Follow below and use user who has db_owner.
1. --Enable CDC for RDS DB Instance
exec msdb.dbo.rds_cdc_enable_db '<database name>'
2.--Begin tracking a table
use <dbname_where_cdc_enabled>
exec sys.sp_cdc_enable_table
@source_schema = N'<source_schema>'
, @source_name = N'<source_name>'
, @role_name = N'<role name>'
, @capture_instance = '<capture_instance>'
--View CDC configuration
exec sys.sp_cdc_help_change_data_capture
That should do the work. For further clarification follow link.
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Appendix.SQLServer.CommonDBATasks.CDC.html