There is no way you can determine the module that's currently loaded but from the url there's a lot you can determine when we inspect the url closely
`view_type=list&model=stock.picking.type&menu_id=167&action=176
view_type=list
Describes the type of view that's currently loaded in the browser, there are different types of views in odoo: list view(tree), form, kanban, Graph etc read more about it here https://www.odoo.com/documentation/8.0/reference/views.html
model=stock.picking.type
The model that's currently loaded (this is probably what you're looking for and gives you a clue on what module is currently loaded, from here we can easily guess that it's the stock module that's currently loaded....stock.picking.type is a model under the stock module)
menu_id=167&action=176
That is the menu_id and the action id of the current view
Actions and menus are regular records in database, usually declared through data files (XML), you can read more about it here
https://www.odoo.com/documentation/8.0/howtos/backend.html#actions-and-menus
You can also activate the developer mode in odoo and hover over a field to see the object(model) that field is related to
What i personally do if i can't find a module through a model name is to use grep to search the addons folder like this. for example in your case
grep stock.picking.type addons -r
will return entries of all files(and their path) containing stock.picking.type
