#[message.payloadAs(java.lang.String)] Will try and transform the payload to the given desired class. In this case a String.
Whereas logging just payload will log whatever the current payload representation is.
The method payloadAs(Class<T> outpuTType) is on the Message context class which in turn calls the MuleMessage.getPayloadAs(Class<T> outputType) I believe:
http://www.mulesoft.org/docs/site/current3/apidocs/org/mule/api/MuleMessage.html#getPayload(java.lang.Class)
Will attempt to obtain the payload of this message with the desired
Class type. This will try and resolve a transformer that can do this
transformation. If a transformer cannot be found an exception is
thrown. Any transformers added to the registry will be checked for
compatibility Parameters: outputType - the desired return type
Returns: The converted payload of this message. Note that this method
will not alter the payload of this message unless the payload is an
InputStream in which case the stream will be read and the payload will
become the fully read stream. Throws: TransformerException - if a
transformer cannot be found or there is an error during transformation
of the payload