What is __stdcall?

Question

I'm learning about Win32 programming, and the WinMain prototype looks like:

int WINAPI WinMain ( HINSTANCE instance, HINSTANCE prev_instance, PSTR cmd_line, int cmd_show )

I was confused as to what this WINAPI identifier was for and found:

#define WINAPI      __stdcall

What does this do? I'm confused by this having something at all after a return type. What is __stdcall for? What does it mean when there is something between the return type and function name?

Answer 1

__stdcall is the calling convention used for the function. This tells the compiler the rules that apply for setting up the stack, pushing arguments and getting a return value.

There are a number of other calling conventions, __cdecl, __thiscall, __fastcall and the wonderfully named __declspec(naked). __stdcall is the standard calling convention for Win32 system calls.

Wikipedia covers the details.

It primarily matters when you are calling a function outside of your code (e.g. an OS API) or the OS is calling you (as is the case here with WinMain). If the compiler doesn't know the correct calling convention then you will likely get very strange crashes as the stack will not be managed correctly.

Answer 2

C or C++ itself do not define those identifiers. They are compiler extensions and stand for certain calling conventions. That determines where to put arguments, in what order, where the called function will find the return address, and so on. For example, __fastcall means that arguments of functions are passed over registers.

The Wikipedia Article provides an overview of the different calling conventions found out there.

Answer 3

The answers so far have covered the details, but if you don't intend to drop down to assembly, then all you have to know is that both the caller and the callee must use the same calling convention, otherwise you'll get bugs that are hard to find.

Answer 4

I agree that all the answers so far are correct, but here is the reason. Microsoft's C and C++ compilers provide various calling conventions for (intended) speed of function calls within an application's C and C++ functions. In each case, the caller and callee must agree on which calling convention to use. Now, Windows itself provides functions (APIs), and those have already been compiled, so when you call them you must conform to them. Any calls to Windows APIs, and callbacks from Windows APIs, must use the __stdcall convention.

Answer 5

Have a look at:

http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cpp/calling_conventions_demystified.aspx

Answer 6

It has to do with how the function is called- basically the order in which things are put on the the stack and who is responsible for cleanup.

Here's the documentation, but it doesn't mean much unless you understand the first part:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zxk0tw93.aspx

Answer 7

__stdcall is used to put the function arguments in the stack. After the completion of the function it automatically deallocates the memory. This is used for fixed arguments.

void __stdcall fnname ( int, int* )
{
    ...
}

int main()
{
    CreateThread ( NULL, 0, fnname, int, int*...... )
}

Here the fnname has args it directly push into the stack.

Answer 8

I never had to use this before until today. Its because in my code I am using multi-threadding and the multi-threading API I am using is the windows one (_beginthreadex).

To start the thread:

_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, ExecuteCommand, currCommand, 0, 0);

The ExecuteCommand function MUST use the __stdcall keyword in the method signature in order for beginthreadex to call it:

unsigned int __stdcall Scene::ExecuteCommand(void* command)
{
    return system(static_cast<char*>(command));
}