Yes, You can do in the current test - But in a different thread group when you run consecutively.
Use BeanShell PostProcessor to write the created users in a CSV file as given below in the Thread Group 1.
import org.apache.jmeter.services.FileServer;
f = new FileOutputStream("CSV file Path.csv", true);
p = new PrintStream(f);
p.println(vars.get("username") + "," + vars.get("password"));
p.close();
f.close();
Then you can use CSV Data Set Config to read the same file and get the User Name , Password in the Next Thread Group.
If you want to use it in the same Thread Group, You can write in the CSV file - but use vars.get("username"), vars.get("password") in your test - as you can not read the CSV file yet to be created using CSV Data Set Config.