The physical folder / path of Azure Worker roles can be accessed using the RoleRoot Environment variable - this works for both local deployments (ie running in Debug) and on Azure itself. Note that all content added to your Worker Roles via Visual Studio go under an AppRoot folder.
For example, if you had this in Visual Studio:
MyWork.AzureWorkerProject
-- Roles
---- MyWork.AzureWorkerProject.WorkerRole
------ images
-------- test.png
The following code should return you the correct file path for test.png, regardless of whether you're running in dev locally or in the cloud.
string appRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("RoleRoot");
string fullPath = Path.Combine(appRoot + @"\", @"AppRoot\images\test.png");
Further reading if you're interested can be found here and here.