Indent multiple lines quickly in vi

Question

It should be trivial, and it might even be in the help, but I can't figure out how to navigate it. How do I indent multiple lines quickly in vi?

Answer 1

Use the > command. To indent five lines, 5>>. To mark a block of lines and indent it, Vjj> to indent three lines (Vim only). To indent a curly-braces block, put your cursor on one of the curly braces and use >% or from anywhere inside block use >iB.

If you’re copying blocks of text around and need to align the indent of a block in its new location, use ]p instead of just p. This aligns the pasted block with the surrounding text.

Also, the shiftwidth setting allows you to control how many spaces to indent.

Answer 2

This answer summarises the other answers and comments of this question, and it adds extra information based on the Vim documentation and the Vim wiki. For conciseness, this answer doesn't distinguish between Vi and Vim-specific commands.

In the commands below, "re-indent" means "indent lines according to your indentation settings." shiftwidth is the primary variable that controls indentation.

General Commands

>>   Indent line by shiftwidth spaces
<<   De-indent line by shiftwidth spaces
5>>  Indent 5 lines
5==  Re-indent 5 lines

>%   Increase indent of a braced or bracketed block (place cursor on brace first)
=%   Reindent a braced or bracketed block (cursor on brace)
<%   Decrease indent of a braced or bracketed block (cursor on brace)
]p   Paste text, aligning indentation with surroundings

=i{  Re-indent the 'inner block', i.e. the contents of the block
=a{  Re-indent 'a block', i.e. block and containing braces
=2a{ Re-indent '2 blocks', i.e. this block and containing block

>i{  Increase inner block indent
<i{  Decrease inner block indent

You can replace { with } or B, e.g. =iB is a valid block indent command. Take a look at "Indent a Code Block" for a nice example to try these commands out on.

Also, remember that

.    Repeat last command

, so indentation commands can be easily and conveniently repeated.

Re-indenting complete files

Another common situation is requiring indentation to be fixed throughout a source file:

gg=G  Re-indent entire buffer

You can extend this idea to multiple files:

" Re-indent all your C source code:
:args *.c
:argdo normal gg=G
:wall

Or multiple buffers:

" Re-indent all open buffers:
:bufdo normal gg=G:wall

In Visual Mode

Vjj> Visually mark and then indent three lines

In insert mode

These commands apply to the current line:

CTRL-t   insert indent at start of line
CTRL-d   remove indent at start of line
0 CTRL-d remove all indentation from line

Ex commands

These are useful when you want to indent a specific range of lines, without moving your cursor.

:< and :> Given a range, apply indentation e.g.
:4,8>   indent lines 4 to 8, inclusive

Indenting using markers

Another approach is via markers:

ma     Mark top of block to indent as marker 'a'

...move cursor to end location

>'a    Indent from marker 'a' to current location

Variables that govern indentation

You can set these in your .vimrc file.

set expandtab       "Use softtabstop spaces instead of tab characters for indentation
set shiftwidth=4    "Indent by 4 spaces when using >>, <<, == etc.
set softtabstop=4   "Indent by 4 spaces when pressing <TAB>

set autoindent      "Keep indentation from previous line
set smartindent     "Automatically inserts indentation in some cases
set cindent         "Like smartindent, but stricter and more customisable

Vim has intelligent indentation based on filetype. Try adding this to your .vimrc:

if has ("autocmd")
    " File type detection. Indent based on filetype. Recommended.
    filetype plugin indent on
endif

References

• Indent a code block
• Shifting blocks visually
• Indenting source code
• :help =

Answer 3

A big selection would be:

gg=G

It is really fast, and everything gets indented ;-)

Answer 4

Also try this for C-indenting indentation. Do :help = for more information:

={

That will auto-indent the current code block you're in.

Or just:

==

to auto-indent the current line.

Answer 5

Key presses for more visual people:

1. Enter Command Mode:
   Escape

2. Move around to the start of the area to indent:
   hjkl↑↓←→

3. Start a block:
   v

4. Move around to the end of the area to indent:
   hjkl↑↓←→

5. (Optional) Type the number of indentation levels you want
   0..9

6. Execute the indentation on the block:
   >

Answer 6

The master of all commands is
gg=G

This indents the entire file!

And below are some of the simple and elegant commands used to indent lines quickly in Vim or gVim.

To indent the current line
==

To indent the all the lines below the current line

=G

To indent n lines below the current line

n==

For example, to indent 4 lines below the current line

4==

To indent a block of code, go to one of the braces and use command

=%

These are the simplest, yet powerful commands to indent multiple lines.

Answer 7

In addition to the answer already given and accepted, it is also possible to place a marker and then indent everything from the current cursor to the marker.

Thus, enter ma where you want the top of your indented block, cursor down as far as you need and then type >'a (note that "a" can be substituted for any valid marker name). This is sometimes easier than 5>> or vjjj>.

Answer 8

Go to the start of the text

• press v for visual mode.
• use up/down arrow to highlight text.
• press = to indent all the lines you highlighted.

Answer 9

When you select a block and use > to indent, it indents then goes back to normal mode. I have this in my .vimrc file:

vnoremap < <gv

vnoremap > >gv

It lets you indent your selection as many time as you want.

Answer 10

As well as the offered solutions, I like to do things a paragraph at a time with >}

Answer 11

Suppose you use 2 spaces to indent your code. Type:

:set shiftwidth=2

• Type v (to enter visual block editing mode)
• Move the cursor with the arrow keys (or with h/j/k/l) to highlight the lines you want to indent or unindent.

Then:

• Type > to indent once (2 spaces).
• Type 2> to indent twice (4 spaces).
• Type 3> to indent thrice (6 spaces).
• ...
• Type < to unindent once (2 spaces).
• Type 2< to unindent twice (4 spaces).
• Type 3< to unindent thrice (6 spaces).
• ...

You get the idea.

(Empty lines will not get indented, which I think is kind of nice.)

---

I found the answer in the (g)vim documentation for indenting blocks:

:help visual-block
/indent

If you want to give a count to the command, do this just before typing the operator character: "v{move-around}3>" (move lines 3 indents to the right).

Answer 12

The beauty of Vim's UI is that its consistency. Editing commands are made up of the command and a cursor move. The cursor moves are always the same:

• H to top of screen, L to bottom, M to middle
• nG to go to line n, G alone to bottom of file, gg to top
• n to move to next search match, N to previous
• } to end of paragraph
• % to next matching bracket, either of the parentheses or the tag kind
• enter to the next line
• 'x to mark x where x is a letter or another '.
• many more, including w and W for word, $ or 0 to tips of the line, etc., that don't apply here because are not line movements.

So, in order to use vim you have to learn to move the cursor and remember a repertoire of commands like, for example, > to indent (and < to "outdent").

Thus, for indenting the lines from the cursor position to the top of the screen you do >H, >G to indent to the bottom of the file.

If, instead of typing >H, you type dH then you are deleting the same block of lines, cH for replacing it, etc.

Some cursor movements fit better with specific commands. In particular, the % command is handy to indent a whole HTML or XML block. If the file has syntax highlighted (:syn on) then setting the cursor in the text of a tag (like, in the "i" of <div> and entering >% will indent up to the closing </div> tag.

This is how Vim works: one has to remember only the cursor movements and the commands, and how to mix them. So my answer to this question would be "go to one end of the block of lines you want to indent, and then type the > command and a movement to the other end of the block" if indent is interpreted as shifting the lines, = if indent is interpreted as in pretty-printing.

Answer 13

You can use the norm i command to insert given text at the beginning of the line. To insert 10 spaces before lines 2-10:

:2,10norm 10i 

Remember that there has to be a space character at the end of the command - this will be the character we want to have inserted. We can also indent a line with any other text, for example to indent every line in a file with five underscore characters:

:%norm 5i_

Or something even more fancy:

:%norm 2i[ ]

More practical example is commenting Bash/Python/etc code with # character:

:1,20norm i#

To re-indent use x instead of i. For example, to remove first 5 characters from every line:

:%norm 5x

Answer 14

Do this:

$vi .vimrc

And add this line:

autocmd FileType cpp setlocal expandtab shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 cindent

This is only for a cpp file. You can do this for another file type, also just by modifying the filetype...

Answer 15

:line_num_start,line_num_end>

For example,

14,21> shifts line number 14 to 21 to one tab

Increase the '>' symbol for more tabs.

For example,

14,21>>> for three tabs

Answer 16

A quick way to do this using VISUAL MODE uses the same process as commenting a block of code.

This is useful if you would prefer not to change your shiftwidth or use any set directives and is flexible enough to work with TABS or SPACES or any other character.

1. Position cursor at the beginning on the block
2. v to switch to -- VISUAL MODE --
3. Select the text to be indented
4. Type : to switch to the prompt

5. Replacing with 3 leading spaces:

   :'<,'>s/^/ /g

6. Or replacing with leading tabs:

   :'<,'>s/^/\t/g

7. Brief Explanation:

   '<,'> - Within the Visually Selected Range

   s/^/ /g - Insert 3 spaces at the beginning of every line within the whole range

   (or)

   s/^/\t/g - Insert Tab at the beginning of every line within the whole range

Answer 17

>} or >{ indent from current line up to next paragraph

<} or <{ same un-indent

Answer 18

I like to mark text for indentation:

1. go to beginning of line of text then type ma (a is the label from the 'm'ark: it could be any letter)
2. go to end line of text and type mz (again, z could be any letter)
3. :'a,'z> or :'a,'z< will indent or outdent (is this a word?)
4. Voila! The text is moved (empty lines remain empty with no spaces)

PS: you can use the :'a,'z technique to mark a range for any operation (d, y, s///, etc.) where you might use lines, numbers, or %.

Answer 19

For me, the MacVim (Visual) solution was, select with mouse and press ">", but after putting the following lines in "~/.vimrc" since I like spaces instead of tabs:

set expandtab
set tabstop=2
set shiftwidth=2

Also it's useful to be able to call MacVim from the command-line (Terminal.app), so since I have the following helper directory "~/bin", where I place a script called "macvim":

#!/usr/bin/env bash
/usr/bin/open -a /Applications/MacPorts/MacVim.app $@

And of course in "~/.bashrc":

export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

MacPorts messes with "~/.profile" a lot, so the PATH environment variable can get quite long.

Answer 20

:help left

In ex mode you can use :left or :le to align lines a specified amount. Specifically, :left will Left align lines in the [range]. It sets the indent in the lines to [indent] (default 0).

:%le3 or :%le 3 or :%left3 or :%left 3 will align the entire file by padding with three spaces.

:5,7 le 3 will align lines 5 through 7 by padding them with three spaces.

:le without any value or :le 0 will left align with a padding of 0.

This works in Vim and gVim.

Answer 21

5== will indent five lines from the current cursor position.

So you can type any number before ==. It will indent the number of lines. This is in command mode.

gg=G will indent the whole file from top to bottom.

Answer 22

I didn't find a method I use in the comments, so I'll share it (I think Vim only):

1. Esc to enter command mode
2. Move to the first character of the last line you want to indent
3. Ctrl + V to start block select
4. Move to the first character of the first line you want to indent
5. Shift + I to enter special insert mode
6. Type as many space/tabs as you need to indent to (two for example
7. Press Esc and spaces will appear in all lines

This is useful when you don't want to change indentation/tab settings in vimrc or to remember them to change it while editing.

To unindent I use the same Ctrl + V block select to select spaces and delete it with D.

Answer 23

I don’t know why it's so difficult to find a simple answer like this one...

I myself had to struggle a lot to know this. It's very simple:

• Edit your .vimrc file under the home directory.

• Add this line

  set cindent
  

  in your file where you want to indent properly.

• In normal/command mode type

  10==   (This will indent 10 lines from the current cursor location)
  gg=G   (Complete file will be properly indented)
  

Answer 24

Using Python a lot, I find myself needing frequently needing to shift blocks by more than one indent. You can do this by using any of the block selection methods, and then just enter the number of indents you wish to jump right before the >

For example, V5j3> will indent five lines three times - which is 12 spaces if you use four spaces for indents.

Answer 25

To indent every line in a file type, Esc and then G=gg.

Answer 26

I use block-mode visual selection:

• Go to the front of the block to move (at the top or bottom).
• Press Ctrl + V to enter visual block mode.
• Navigate to select a column in front of the lines.
• Press I (Shift + I) to enter insert mode.
• Type some spaces.
• Press Esc. All lines will shift.

This is not a uni-tasker. It works:

• In the middle of lines.
• To insert any string on all lines.
• To change a column (use c instead of I).
• yank, delete, substitute, etc...

Answer 27

• For a block of code, {}: = + %

• For a selected line: Shift + v select using the up/down arrow keys, and then press =.

• For the entire file: gg + = + G

Note: 'gg' means go to line 1, '=' is the indent command, and 'G' moves the cursor to the end of file.

Answer 28

How to indent highlighted code in vi immediately by a number of spaces:

Option 1: Indent a block of code in vi to three spaces with Visual Block mode:

1. Select the block of code you want to indent. Do this using Ctrl+V in normal mode and arrowing down to select text. While it is selected, enter : to give a command to the block of selected text.

2. The following will appear in the command line: :'<,'>

3. To set indent to three spaces, type le 3 and press enter. This is what appears: :'<,'>le 3

4. The selected text is immediately indented to three spaces.

Option 2: Indent a block of code in vi to three spaces with Visual Line mode:

1. Open your file in vi.
2. Put your cursor over some code

3. Be in normal mode and press the following keys:

   Vjjjj:le 3
   

   Interpretation of what you did:

   V means start selecting text.

   jjjj arrows down four lines, highlighting four lines.

   : tells vi you will enter an instruction for the highlighted text.

   le 3 means indent highlighted text three lines.

   The selected code is immediately increased or decreased to three spaces indentation.

Option 3: use Visual Block mode and special insert mode to increase indent:

1. Open your file in vi.
2. Put your cursor over some code

3. Be in normal mode press the following keys:

   Ctrl+V

   jjjj
   

   (press the spacebar five times)

   Esc Shift+i

   All the highlighted text is indented an additional five spaces.

Answer 29

1. Press "SHIFT + v" to enter VISUAL LINE mode.
2. Select the text you wish to indent but using either the cursor keys or the "j" and "k" keys.
3. To indent right press "SHIFT + dot" (> character). To indent left press "SHIFT + comma" (< character).

Source: https://www.fir3net.com/UNIX/General/how-do-i-tab-multiple-lines-within-vi.html

Answer 30

To indent all of the file by four:

esc 4G=G