JBoss Fuse can be a little daunting in the beginning, especially when you read about the gazillion different technologies and components, but in the end it's simpler than you think :)
If you're looking for a "quick start" from the all the documentation, I would skim through these four pages:
Enterprise Integration Patterns - what is the flow of information going to look like in your system?
Java DSL - allows you to define routes
so that the different components in your system can talk to each other.
Simple Expression Language - like the name says, it's just a simple expression language, which you'll end up using a lot.
Maven Bundle Plugin - Fuse makes heavy use of OSGi, and so you need to know how to build bundles
, which are the building blocks for fuse features
.
And then after reading those you should be able to understand how the examples work:
Going through these examples should be the quickest way to get you up and running quickly - start with the Hello Camel example (obviously!), and then try some of the others which are related to what you want to do (there are plenty of good examples there using persistence, transactions, ActiveMQ, fabric, etc).
I hope this helps, good luck!