Doing an update without specifying the primary key would mean Cassandra would have to first do the distributed search to get all of the records. Then internally issue the update for all of those records. While it would be possible to implement, it is very different from the current write path inside Cassandra.
The current write path looks at the insert/update figures out what nodes it should be sent to based on the key, then sends the request on to those nodes to be written to disk.
The write path for update X where Y, where Y is a secondary index, would be much different. It would require sending the update request to every node, and waiting for the search/update process to finish. It would take much longer than a normal write, and Cassandra excels at fast writes.
That being said, the Cassandra project is always open to contributions and discussion of new features. http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/HowToContribute
For "How do I work around it". The only way is to perform the select statement yourself, and then update all the rows yourself. Or redesign your data model such that the update you want to do is based on a primary key.