The catalog/product image tags are defined in Magento's template files. The image sizes defined will vary, depending on what images you are referring to.
These templates call the images like this:
In app/design/frontend/base/default/catalog/product/list.phtml
<?php echo $this->helper('catalog/image')->init($_product, 'small_image')->resize(135); ?>
If notice on the end, there is a resize function that has a set number in there. This number will tell Magento to automatically resize the image it retrieves to that dimension. You can pass a height and width to the resize function, like so:
..->resize(height, width);
As far as I know, there is no configuration setting that will globally disable this resize function. You would have to override and void the function using a overwritten file or extension. I would recommend just uploading the correct sized images (larger than the minimum sizes seen on the site). Magento will then properly scale them down without loss of quality.