How to change TIMEZONE for a java.util.Calendar/Date

Question

I would like to change the TIMEZONE value in a Java Calendar instance at runtime. I tried below. But the output is the same in both instances:

    Calendar cSchedStartCal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
    System.out.println(cSchedStartCal.getTime().getTime());
    cSchedStartCal.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta"));
    System.out.println(cSchedStartCal.getTime().getTime());

OUTPUT:
1353402486773
1353402486773

I have tried this also but the output is still the same:

    Calendar cSchedStartCal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
    System.out.println(cSchedStartCal.getTime());

    Calendar cSchedStartCal1 = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta"));
    cSchedStartCal1.setTime(cSchedStartCal.getTime());
    System.out.println(cSchedStartCal.getTime());

In the API I am seeing the below comment but I am not able to understand much of it:

     * calls: cal.setTimeZone(EST); cal.set(HOUR, 1); cal.setTimeZone(PST).
     * Is cal set to 1 o'clock EST or 1 o'clock PST?  Answer: PST.  More
     * generally, a call to setTimeZone() affects calls to set() BEFORE AND
     * AFTER it up to the next call to complete().

Could you please help me?

One Possible Solution :

    Calendar cSchedStartCal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
    long gmtTime = cSchedStartCal.getTime().getTime();

    long timezoneAlteredTime = gmtTime + TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta").getRawOffset();
    Calendar cSchedStartCal1 = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta"));
    cSchedStartCal1.setTimeInMillis(timezoneAlteredTime);

Is this solution ok?

Answer 1

In Java, Dates are internally represented in UTC milliseconds since the epoch (so timezones are not taken into account, that's why you get the same results, as getTime() gives you the mentioned milliseconds).
In your solution:

Calendar cSchedStartCal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
long gmtTime = cSchedStartCal.getTime().getTime();

long timezoneAlteredTime = gmtTime + TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta").getRawOffset();
Calendar cSchedStartCal1 = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta"));
cSchedStartCal1.setTimeInMillis(timezoneAlteredTime);

you just add the offset from GMT to the specified timezone ("Asia/Calcutta" in your example) in milliseconds, so this should work fine.

Another possible solution would be to utilise the static fields of the Calendar class:

//instantiates a calendar using the current time in the specified timezone
Calendar cSchedStartCal = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
//change the timezone
cSchedStartCal.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Asia/Calcutta"));
//get the current hour of the day in the new timezone
cSchedStartCal.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);

Refer to stackoverflow.com/questions/7695859/ for a more in-depth explanation.

Answer 2

1. The class Date/Timestamp represents a specific instant in time, with millisecond precision, since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT. So this time difference (from epoch to current time) will be same in all computers across the world with irrespective of Timezone.

2. Date/Timestamp doesn't know about the given time is on which timezone.

3. If we want the time based on timezone we should go for the Calendar or SimpleDateFormat classes in java.

4. If you try to print a Date/Timestamp object using toString(), it will convert and print the time with the default timezone of your machine.

5. So we can say (Date/Timestamp).getTime() object will always have UTC (time in milliseconds)

6. To conclude Date.getTime() will give UTC time, but toString() is on locale specific timezone, not UTC.

Now how will I create/change time on specified timezone?

The below code gives you a date (time in milliseconds) with specified timezones. The only problem here is you have to give date in string format.

   DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HH:mm:ss");
   dateFormatLocal.setTimeZone(timeZone);
   java.util.Date parsedDate = dateFormatLocal.parse(date);

Use dateFormat.format for taking input Date (which is always UTC), timezone and return date as String.

How to store UTC/GMT time in DB:

If you print the parsedDate object, the time will be in default timezone. But you can store the UTC time in DB like below.

        Calendar calGMT = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
        Timestamp tsSchedStartTime = new Timestamp (parsedDate.getTime());
        if (tsSchedStartTime != null) {
            stmt.setTimestamp(11, tsSchedStartTime, calGMT );
        } else {
            stmt.setNull(11, java.sql.Types.DATE);
        }