python - Do multiprocessing pools give every process the same number of tasks, or are they assigned as available?

Question

When you map an iterable to a multiprocessing.Pool are the iterations divided into a queue for each process in the pool at the start, or is there a common queue from which a task is taken when a process comes free?

    def generate_stuff():
        for foo in range(100):
             yield foo

    def process(moo):
        print moo

    pool = multiprocessing.Pool()
    pool.map(func=process, iterable=generate_stuff())
    pool.close()

So given this untested suggestion code; if there are 4 processes in the pool does each process get allocated 25 stuffs to do, or do the 100 stuffs get picked off one by one by processes looking for stuff to do so that each process might do a different number of stuffs, eg 30, 26, 24, 20.

Answer 1

So given this untested suggestion code; if there are 4 processes in the pool does each process get allocated 25 stuffs to do, or do the 100 stuffs get picked off one by one by processes looking for stuff to do so that each process might do a different number of stuffs, eg 30, 26, 24, 20.

Well, the obvious answer is to test it.

As-is, the test may not tell you much, because the jobs are going to finish ASAP, and it's possible that things will end up evenly distributed even if pooled processes grab jobs as they become ready. But there's an easy way to fix that:

import collections
import multiprocessing
import os
import random
import time

def generate_stuff():
    for foo in range(100):
        yield foo

def process(moo):
    #print moo
    time.sleep(random.randint(0, 50) / 10.)
    return os.getpid()

pool = multiprocessing.Pool()
pids = pool.map(func=process, iterable=generate_stuff(), chunksize=1)
pool.close()
print collections.Counter(pids)

If the numbers are "jagged", you know either that pooled processes must be grabbing new jobs as ready. (I explicitly set chunksize to 1 to make sure the chunks aren't so big that each only gets one chunk in the first place.)

When I run it on an 8-core machine:

Counter({98935: 16, 98936: 16, 98939: 13, 98937: 12, 98942: 12, 98938: 11, 98940: 11, 98941: 9})

So, it looks like the processes are getting new jobs on the fly.

Since you specifically asked about 4 workers, I changed Pool() to Pool(4) and got this:

Counter({98965: 31, 98962: 24, 98964: 23, 98963: 22})

However, there's an even better way to find out than by testing: read the source.

As you can see, map just calls map_async, which creates a bunch of batches and puts them on a self._taskqueue object (a Queue.Queue instance). If you read further, this queue isn't shared with the other processes directly, but there's a pool manager thread that, whenever a process finishes and returns a result, pops the next job off the queue and submits it back to the process.

This is also how you can find out what the default chunksize is for map. The 2.7 implementation linked above shows that it's just len(iterable) / (len(self._pool) * 4) rounded up (slightly more verbose than that to avoid fractional arithmetic)—or, put another way, just big enough for about 4 chunks per process. But you really shouldn't rely on this; the documentation vaguely and indirectly implies that it's going to use some kind of heuristic, but doesn't give you any guarantees as to what that will be. So, if you really need "about 4 chunks per process", calculate it explicitly. More realistically, if you ever need anything besides the default, you probably need a domain-specific value that you're going to work out (by calculation, guessing, or profiling).

Answer 2

http://docs.python.org/2/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.pool.multiprocessing.Pool.map

map(func, iterable[, chunksize])

This method chops the iterable into a number of chunks which it submits to the process pool as separate tasks. The (approximate) size of these chunks can be specified by setting chunksize to a positive integer.

I presume a process picks up the next chunk from a queue when done with previous chunk.

The default chunksize depends on the length of iterable and is chosen so that the number of chunks is approximately four times the number of processes. (source)

Answer 3

To estimate chunksize used by a Python implementation without looking at its multiprocessing module source code, run:

#!/usr/bin/env python
import multiprocessing as mp
from itertools import groupby

def work(index):
    mp.get_logger().info(index)
    return index, mp.current_process().name

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import logging
    import sys
    logger = mp.log_to_stderr()

    # process cmdline args
    try:
        sys.argv.remove('--verbose')
    except ValueError:
        pass  # not verbose
    else:
        logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)  # verbose
    nprocesses, nitems = int(sys.argv.pop(1)), int(sys.argv.pop(1))
    # choices: 'map', 'imap', 'imap_unordered'
    map_name = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'map'
    kwargs = dict(chunksize=int(sys.argv[2])) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else {}

    # estimate chunksize used
    max_chunksize = 0
    map_func = getattr(mp.Pool(nprocesses), map_name)
    for _, group in groupby(sorted(map_func(work, range(nitems), **kwargs),
                                   key=lambda x: x[0]),  # sort by index
                            key=lambda x: x[1]):  # group by process name
        max_chunksize = max(max_chunksize, len(list(group)))
    print("%s: max_chunksize %d" % (map_name, max_chunksize))

It shows that imap, imap_unordered use chunksize=1 by default and max_chunksize for map depends on nprocesses, nitem (number of chunks per process is not fixed) and max_chunksize depends on python version. All *map* functions take into account chunksize parameter if it is specified.

Usage

$ ./estimate_chunksize.py nprocesses nitems [map_name [chunksize]] [--verbose]

To see how individual jobs are distributed; specify --verbose parameter.