Float vs Decimal in ActiveRecord

293
votes

Sometimes, Activerecord data types confuse me. Err, often. One of my eternal questions is, for a given case,

Should I use :decimal or :float?

I've often come across this link, ActiveRecord: :decimal vs :float?, but the answers aren't quite clear enough for me to be certain:

I've seen many threads where people recommend flat out to never use float and always use decimal. I've also seen suggestions by some people to use float for scientific applications only.

Here are some example cases:

  • Geolocation/latitude/longitude: -45.756688, 120.5777777, ...
  • Ratio/percentage: 0.9, 1.25, 1.333, 1.4143, ...

I have used :decimal in the past, but I found dealing with BigDecimal objects in Ruby was unnecessarily awkward as compared to a float. I also know I can use :integer to represent money/cents, for example, but it doesn't quite fit for other cases, for example when quantities in which precision could change over time.

  • What are the advantages/disadvantages of using each?
  • What would be some good rules of thumb to know which type to use?
3
ruby-on-railstypesfloating-pointdecimalrails-activerecord

3 Answers

447
votes

I remember my CompSci professor saying never to use floats for currency.

The reason for that is how the IEEE specification defines floats in binary format. Basically, it stores sign, fraction and exponent to represent a Float. It's like a scientific notation for binary (something like +1.43*10^2). Because of that, it is impossible to store fractions and decimals in Float exactly.

That's why there is a Decimal format. If you do this: 

irb:001:0> "%.47f" % (1.0/10)
=> "0.10000000000000000555111512312578270211815834045" # not "0.1"!

whereas if you just do

irb:002:0> (1.0/10).to_s
=> "0.1" # the interprer rounds the number for you

So if you are dealing with small fractions, like compounding interests, or maybe even geolocation, I would highly recommend Decimal format, since in decimal format 1.0/10 is exactly 0.1.

However, it should be noted that despite being less accurate, floats are processed faster. Here's a benchmark:

require "benchmark" 
require "bigdecimal" 

d = BigDecimal.new(3) 
f = Float(3)

time_decimal = Benchmark.measure{ (1..10000000).each { |i| d * d } } 
time_float = Benchmark.measure{ (1..10000000).each { |i| f * f } }

puts time_decimal 
#=> 6.770960 seconds 
puts time_float 
#=> 0.988070 seconds

Answer

Use float when you don't care about precision too much. For example, some scientific simulations and calculations only need up to 3 or 4 significant digits. This is useful in trading off accuracy for speed. Since they don't need precision as much as speed, they would use float.

Use decimal if you are dealing with numbers that need to be precise and sum up to correct number (like compounding interests and money-related things). Remember: if you need precision, then you should always use decimal.

21
votes

In Rails 3.2.18, :decimal turns into :integer when using SQLServer, but it works fine in SQLite. Switching to :float solved this issue for us.

The lesson learned is "always use homogeneous development and deployment databases!"

15
votes

In Rails 4.1.0, I have faced problem with saving latitude and longitude to MySql database. It can't save large fraction number with float data type. And I change the data type to decimal and working for me. 

  def change
    change_column :cities, :latitude, :decimal, :precision => 15, :scale => 13
    change_column :cities, :longitude, :decimal, :precision => 15, :scale => 13
  end