Function definition problems (No instance for … arising from)

Question

I have defined the following function to find the penultimate element of a list of something (Int, string...)

myButLast :: [a] -> a
myButLast [] = error "myButLast: empty list"
myButLast [x, _] = x
myButLast (_:xs) = myButLast xs

When I test it with hspec

  it "returns an error for list of one element" $ do
   myButLast [42] `shouldThrow` anyException

I get the following error

No instance for (Num (IO a0)) arising from the literal 42' Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Num (IO a0)) In the expression: 42 In the first argument ofmyButLast', namely [42]' In the first argument ofshouldThrow', namely `myButLast [42]'

What does it mean and how to fix it ? May be a constraint of class needed?

I want to handle String and list of anything in myButLast. All my other tests with multiples elements works.

myButLast [x, _] = x matches a list with exactly two elements. If you want to match a list with one element: myButLast [x] = x or myButLast (x:[]) = x — user2407038

Chuck Chuck · Accepted Answer · 2014-02-11T22:57:30

shouldThrow has the type Exception e => IO a -> Selector e -> Expectation. This means that the first argument should be in the IO monad. In order to use pure functions, you can use the evaluate function:

evaluate (myButLast [42]) `shouldThrow` anyException

Incidentally, you might want to test for the specific error to make sure it doesn't get mistakenly changed at some point:

evaluate (myButLast [42]) `shouldThrow` errorCall "myButLast: empty list"

Function definition problems (No instance for … arising from)

1 Answers